Vaccines

What type of immunity do vaccines induce

adaptive

Examples of diseases reduced by vaccines

Polio, Diptheria, Smallpox

When should you be vaccinated

Childhood, when traveling, elderly, COVID 19

What does the MMR vaccine help against

mumps, measles, rubella

What lymphocytes are needed for adaptive immunity

B, T, DC

Effector cells

Deal with antigen

What are memory cells

recognize second antigen encounter

Benefits of immunological memory

• More responder cells

• More efficient antigen recognition and activation

• Rapid and effective migration to tissues and lymphnodes

• Longer lasting

How long do naive and memory cells live

• Naive = days/months

• memory = years

What is IgG good for

Humoral immunity and blood borne pathogens

WHat is IgA good for

Humoral immunity and mucosal pathogens

What is humoral immunity

Immunity due to proteins circulating in the blood, such as antibodies (in adaptive immunity) or complement (in innate immunity). - Can be transfered to other recipients

What receptors help phagocytes recognize viruses

Fc

What compliment pathway do antibodies activate

Classical

Antibodies activate _,_,_ classical reactions

neutralization, lysis, and phagocytosis

What T cells promote antibody production

CD4+ Helper T-cells

What MHC class holds the antibodies

MHC class 2

Can T cells recognize non protein derived peptides

NO

B-cells __ and __ AB

Secrete and present

Vaccines should promote what type of immune response

CTL- mediated immune response (cytotoxic t-lymphocytes)

Where are DC found

Skin and mucosa

What signal does the vaccination cause

DC maturation signal so mature DC can present antigens to Naive T-cells to kickstart adaptive immunity

Vaccines

include antigens and signal DC maturation

What recognizes direct signals

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

LPS Gram- bacteria and CpG are what

TLrs 4/9 respectively

What do adjuvants do

Indirectly/directly interact and enhance adaptive immune response via DC maturation signalling

What vaccines is ALUM based

DTP

hep A and B

anthrax

rabies

What does the ALUM based adjuvant do

activates inflammasome, causes neutraphil infiltration, DAMP relsease, increased DC migration & antigen presentation

Describe MF59 Adjuvant

uses squalene

induces monocyte recruitment and DAMP release, increased DC migration

What vaccine uses MF59 adjuvant

Flu

What cancer is GSK (AS04) used in

cervical cancer

What is GSK (as04)

endotoxin

alum +MPL

What does intramuscular injection induce

systemic immunity (IgG)

what is systemic immunity

widespread defense against pathogens

what does a live attenuated vaccine do

diminishes the virulence of the pathogen whilst retaining antigens; often have adjuvant properties; can revert and become dangerous

Pros and cons of Inactivated vaccines

• Pros = safer to use

• Cons = cannot divide, do not persist as long, less efficient lymphocyte production

what vaccines use inactivated vaccines

Flu, typhoid, hep A, polio

What are subunit vaccines

contain parts of the pathogen

• Proteins and inactivated toxins secreted by the pathogen

• non-protein antigens

How to overcome subunit vaccine efficiency

use of adjuvants and multiple doses

Toxoids

targets immune response to toxins but needs adjuvants to stimulate DC

what is a toxoid

an inactive toxin that is unable to cause disease but retains antigenic epitopes to cause an immune response

Capsular polysaccharides of capsular bactera cannot what

promote T-cell antibody production since they cannot recognize the polysaccharides

how to make T-cells recognize polysaccharides

conjugate proteins, ofthen diphtheria or tetanus toxoids