Hypertension and Neurological Disorders Flashcards

Flashcards for Hypertension and Neurological Disorders

Primary Hypertension

High blood pressure (130/90) with an unknown cause.

Secondary Hypertension

High Blood Pressure (130/90) with a known cause.

Complications of Hypertension

Organ Failure, Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, Atherosclerosis, Aneurysm

Laboratory/Diagnostic Data for Hypertension

UA, Blood Chemistry, 12-Lead EKG, Echocardiogram

DASH Diet

Low sodium, high potassium diet, contraindicated in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Thiazide Diuretic

Removes water and sodium through the kidneys; monitor BUN/Creatinine, Lithium toxicity, hypokalemia, orthostatic hypotension, nocturia.

ACE Inhibitors (-pril)

Prevents vasoconstriction by blocking Angiotensin 1 & 2. Side effects include Angioedema, Cough, Elevated Potassium, Rebound Hypertension.

ARB Blockers (-sartan)

Causes vasodilation by blocking aldosterone and Angiotensin. May be prescribed if patient can't tolerate ACE Inhibitor cough; monitor for hyperkalemia, Rebound Hypertension.

Beta Blocker (-olol)

Affects epinephrine and norepinephrine, which blocks the sympathetic nervous system. Contraindicated in Asthma/COPD patients; monitor glucose levels in diabetics.

Osteoarthritis

Non-inflammatory disorder affecting synovial joints (wear and tear). Clinical manifestations include degeneration of cartilage, joint pain worsening with activity, and morning stiffness lasting less than 30 minutes.

Osteoporosis

Metabolic bone disease leading to brittle bones. Risk factors include advanced age, calcium deficiency, sedentary lifestyle, and menopause.

DEXA Scan

Measures bone density to assess osteoporosis risk.

Prosthetic Components

Used in Total Hip Replacement, these include femoral head and acetabular cup.

Total Hip Replacement

Post-op concerns include early ambulation, abduction pillow usage, avoiding crossing legs, and bending hip beyond 90 degrees.

Post-Op Total Knee Replacement

Include knee elevation, range of motion exercises, and early ambulation.

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Oxygen-rich blood cannot reach the brain cells.

Left Brain Function

Responsible for speaking, writing, reading, math skills, planning, analyzing, and control of the right side of the body.

Right Brain Function

Responsible for control of left side of body, attention span, emotions, memory, and judgment.

Broca's Aphasia

Expressive aphasia

Wernicke's Aphasia

Receptive aphasia

Global Aphasia

Expressive and receptive aphasia

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Autoimmune disorder presenting with paralysis, difficulty breathing, swallowing, and speaking. Starts from the floor and goes up.

ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

Progressive, neurodegenerative disease with an unknown cause. The leading cause of death is respiratory failure.

Signs and Symptoms of Meningitis

Severe headache, neck stiffness, high fever, photophobia, and possible rash.

Bell's Palsy

Idiopathic, unilateral facial paralysis affecting the 7th cranial nerve.

Low Grade Fever in Neutropenia

May indicate infection; report if temperature is > 100.4

Neutropenia

Decrease in neutrophils; monitor for fever and signs of infection.

Anemia

Low oxygen and hemoglobin. Includes fatigue, SOB, pallor, and tachycardia.

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count. Clinical manifestations include bruising, petechiae, bleeding gums, and blood in the stool.

Nephrotoxicity

Damage or toxicity to the kidney; monitor I&O and ensure hydration

Hepatotoxicity

Damage or toxicity to the liver; monitor LFTs and avoid suppressive meds

Prophylactic Surgical Intervention

Removal of non-vital tissue and organs that are high risk to decrease the risk of cancer.

Chemotherapy Infiltration

Irritating

Chemotherapy Extravasation

Extremely harmful