community health

Primary prevention

-delay onset of disease, REVERSE or arrest its progress

-routine care, mouth guards, sealants, fluoride for prevention, health education

Secondary prevention

-terminate disease process, RESTORE tissues as normal as possible

-fluoride for incipient caries, sealants for incipient caries, perio debridement, night guards, restorations

Tertiary prevention

-REPLACE lost tissues

-crowns, partials, dentures, implants

optimal fluoride level in drinking water?

0.7ppm

Five dimensions of health model

-physical, intellectual/mental, emotional, social, spiritual

(Pie… so scrumptious)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

-physiological, safety, love/belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization

(Pumpkin spice latte… so scrumptious)

Stages of learning theory

1. Unawareness

2. Awareness

3. Self-interest

4. Involvement

5. Action

6. Habit

Which is set first, objectives or goals?

Goals, then measurable objectives

Formative evaluation

-internal evaluation during PLANNING

Summative evaluation

-evaluation AFTER IMPLEMENTATION

Type 1 examination

complete examination

-need mirror, explorer, light, radiographs, study models, tests

-seldem ever used in pubic health settings

Type 2 examination

limited exam

-need mirror, explorer, light, bwx, and selects PAs

Type 3 examination

inspection

-need mirror, explorer, and light only

-MOST COMMON in community health

Type 4 examination

screening

-need light and tongue depressor only

-too unreliable for community health

Which types of examination must be done if treatment is planned?

Type 1 or 2

Presence or absence of condition

simple index

all past and present evidence of condition (dmft)

cumulative index

Conditions that will not change

Irreversible index

Conditions that can be changed

Reversible index

Ramfjord teeth

3, 9, 12, 19, 25, 28

Oral Hygiene Indices

1. PHP

2. PI

3. OHI

4. VOLPE MANHOLD INDEX

Gingivitis Indices

1. GI

2. GBI

3. SBI

4. EASTMAN INTERDENTAL BLEEDING INDEX

Periodontal indices

1. PI

2. PDI

3. PSR

4. CPITN

Dental Caries Indices

1. Cambra

2. DMFT/DMFS

3. deft

4. RCI

Dental fluorosis indices

Dean's Index of Flurosis

Null Hypothesis

Stated as a negative outcome

Research hypothesis

Stated as a positive outcome

random sample

-every subject selected independently and randomly

Stratified sample

subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample (age, gender, income, etc…)

Systematic sample

obtained by selecting every nth (number) individual from the population

Judgemental Sample

Selected by personal judgement of who would be a typical participant

Creates bias

Convenient sample

only surveying people who are easily accessible

Historical Research Design

-looks at incidence and prevalence of disease in a population over time

Descriptive Research Design

-describe the presence and distribution of a disease or health condition at one point in time

-uses the survey method

Retrospective research design

investigates possible causes of disease

longitudinal research design

a group is observed over a long period of time

can be a double blind study

Quasi experimental research design

Study that does not have a control group

UNETHICAL

pilot study

a trial run in survey research

IRB: institutional review board for ethical implications

Categorical Variable (Qualitative)

Has no numeric representation (color, rating, etc…)

Dichotomous variable (Qualitative)

Places subject into only TWO groups (male/female, pass/fail, etc…)

Continuous variable (Quantitative)

A variable (such as age, test score, or height) that can take on a wide or infinite number of values.

Discrete Variable (Quantitative)

assume values that can be counted

-expressed as whole numbers

Nominal scale

Categories have NO rank or order

Ordinal scale

Categories have rank ORDER

Interval Scale

Same as ordinal scale, equal distance between units. No absolute zero point

Ratio scale

Same as interval scale, PLUS absolute zero point

Ungrouped frequency distribution table

Data presented with each individual score

Grouped frequency distribution table

Data presented within the range

Cumulative frequency distribution table

Frequency of occurrence of scores including any given value in the data set

Normal distribution (Gaussian distribution)

Symmetrical and unimodal

Positively Skewed

Negatively Skewed

Range

Subtract the lowest number from the highest number

Standard deviation

Square root of the variance, most common and useful

Strong correlation

R is closer to 1

Weak correlation

R is closer to 0

Positive Correlation, as X increases/decreases, Y increases/decreases

Negative Correlation, as X increases/decreases, Y decreases/increases

Internal Validity

Accuracy of a study’s results

External validity

Accuracy of generalizing the results to the population

INTRA-examiner Reliability

Consistent performance by the same investigator

INTER-examiner reliability

Consistent performance by different investigators

Calibration

Establishing a relationship between a measuring device and the units of measure

Endemic

Low but constant presence of disease in a geographic region

Epidemic (outbreak)

Occurrence of disease in excess of normal in a community or region

Pandemic

An epidemic where the disease may cross international boarders to affect several countries