AP Human Geography Unit Review

Flashcards for AP Human Geography Review

What is the difference between latitude and longitude?

Latitude is horizontal and based on the equator; longitude is vertical and based on the prime meridian.

What is GIS used for?

GIS is used to layer different maps to show patterns in data.

What is a thematic map?

A thematic map is a map that shows data with a theme (e.g., isoline, dot, choropleth).

What are population pyramids used for?

Population pyramids are used to show demographic patterns in a population using sex and age.

What does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describe?

The DTM describes 5 stages that countries go through, categorized by birth/death rates and natural population increase, without factoring in migration. More developed countries are in later stages.

How is the Epidemiological Transition Theory connected to the DTM?

It shows what type of diseases a country is most likely to face depending on its development stage.

State some common patterns that migrants share based on Ravenstein's Laws of Migration.

Most move a short distance, migration goes by steps, long-distance migrants more likely to move to big cities, all migration flows have a counterflow, etc.

What does the Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition explain?

It explains what type of migration is most likely to happen depending on the demographic stage a country is in.

What is the Malthusian Theory of Population Growth?

The world's population grows exponentially while food production grows linearly, leading to checks like famine and war. It was inaccurate due to unforeseen technological advancements in food production.

What does the S-Curve show?

The speed at which ideas are adopted, starting slowly, becoming quickly popular, then cooling off.

What is a language tree?

A tree showing which languages came from which language family. Indo-European is the largest.

What is the Organic Theory?

The idea that countries are like living organisms that need 'nourishment' (acquiring less powerful states) to survive. Without expansion, the state would die.

What is Mackinder's Heartland Theory?

The key to achieving global power is to conquer Eastern Europe/Russia.

What is Spyman's Rimland Theory?

Key to global power would be to conquer the UK, India, and China.

What is the Domino Theory?

The idea during the Cold War that if one country 'fell' to Communism, the surrounding countries would also fall.

What does the Core-Periphery Model describe?

The relationship between core and periphery countries, where the core relies on labor from the periphery.

What does the Von Thunen Model show?

Where industries are located in rings around a city: dairy farming/market gardening, forests, grains/field crops, and ranching/livestock.

What is Ester Boserup's Theory?

Food production will increase based on population increase.

What does Rostow's Stages of Development describe?

Countries' industries develop in 5 stages over time: Traditional Society, Preconditions to Take Off, Take Off, Drive to Maturity, and High Mass Consumption.

What is Wallerstein's World System Theory?

The connection between core-periphery relationships and industrial development where core countries sell high-profit goods to the periphery/semi-periphery, who provide raw materials and labor.

What is Dependency theory?

The World Systems Theory's dependency was caused by colonization. Periphery countries were colonized, and their production was replaced by labor, which helped the core countries to develop goods, resulting in them becoming dependent on the core countries for food and consumer goods.

What is Weber's Least Cost Theory?

The pattern with industries is that the transportation costs of raw materials to the factory and the finished product to the market are the lowest. If raw materials are heavier, locate closer to the raw materials.

What is Christaller's Central Place Theory?

Based on how far people are willing to travel for work and products, it creates a hexagon shape where main cities are surrounded by small towns and cities.

What does the Burgess Concentric Zone Model describe?

The layout of a city with the business district in the center, surrounded by rings of industry/residential areas, and the wealthy living furthest from the center.

What is the Gravity Model?

People are more willing to go to certain places over others (e.g., a big city like Chicago attracts more people than a smaller city).

What does the Hoyt Sector Model describe?

A city map where the lowest class lives around transportation, while the upper class lives along business.

What is described by the Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model?

City layout with multiple central business districts.

What does Borchert's Epochs of Urban Growth describe?

Change in the history of urbanization, with cities first developing near ports and major waterways, then along railroads and steamboats, then with long-haul railroads, then gasoline-powered transportation, and finally around the service and information technology sectors.

What is Zipf's Rank-Size Rule?

The nth largest city is 1/n of the largest city (e.g. the second-largest city is half the size of the first).

What is the Bid-Rent Curve?

The further away from the central city, the higher the land prices.