APUSH 7B Test

Yalta Agreement

• Took place near the end of WWII between FDR, Winston Churchill, and Jospeh Stalin

• Goal: decide how to handle post-war Europe, particularly Germany, and set up a framework for lasting peace

Key Agreements:

• Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 occupation zones

• USSR would enter war against Japan within 90 days after Germany’s surrender

• established the groundwork for UN

• Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Eastern Europe

Impact:

• Cold War

• US gained support against Japan but faced Soviet expansionism

• Strengthened US leadership through NATO and Marshall Plan

Scopes Trial

John T. Scopes, a high school teacher, was charged with Tennessee’s Butler Act, which prohibited teaching human evolution in public schools

Prosecutor: William Jennings Bryan

First case broadcasted on the radio

Scopes was convicted and fined but it was later overturnes

Science and progress won, Bryan’s outdated arguments were mocked and the trial helped pave the way for broader acceptance of evolution in schools

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Provided direct aid to the unemployed

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Created jobs for young men in conservation projects.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Funded public works projects and provided employment.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Paid farmers to reduce crop production, stabilizing prices

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

stablished codes for fair wages and working conditions

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Built dams to provide electricity and jobs in the South

Social Security Act (1935)

Created a safety net for retirees and the unemployed

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Regulated the stock market to prevent fraud.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Guaranteed bank deposits to restore trust in banking.

Women in the Workforce

• men and traditionalists resisted the idea of women working in factories

• some believed that it was temporary and that women should return to homemaking after the way

• Campaigns like Rosie the Riveter encouraged women to take on industrial jobs while maintaining femininity

• Women gained new skills and independence

Korematsu v. US

• After Pearl Harbor attack, Executive Order 9066 authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans

• Fred Korematsu refused to comply and was arrested

• SC ruled against Korematsu, upholding intemnment as a “military necessity”

• This decision was widely criticized as a violation of civil rights

The Harlem Renaissance

• Driven by the Great Migration, as Black Americans moved to urban centers for more opportunites

• Langston Hughes (poet & writer) – Captured Black American experiences.

  Zora Neale Hurston (author) – Wrote "Their Eyes Were Watching God."

  Duke Ellington & Louis Armstrong (musicians) – Brought jazz to the mainstream.

• Celebration of black idendity and culture, critique of racism and demand for civil rights

Fears of Bolshevism

• After the Russian Revolution (1917), Americans feared communism spreading

• The First Red Scare led to mass hysteria over communist and anarchist influence

• The government cracked down on suspected radicals, limiting free speech and civil liberties

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

Set immigration quotas based on nationality.

Limited immigration to 3% of a nationality's 1910 population in the U.S

Immigration Act of 1924 (National Origins Act)

Reduced the quota to 2% of the 1890 census (favoring Western Europeans).

Banned immigration from Asia entirely (particularly targeting Japan).

Mass Media & Consumer Culture

• Radio and movies became widespread, shaping public opinion and culture

• Advertising boomed, creating a national consumer culture

• Celebrities became widely known

• Installment payments added onto consmer dembts

• Americans bought stuff they didn’t need

The Great Depression

Factories produced more than they could afford, people bought on credit and could not repay loans, people invested in stock recklessly, leading to the 1929 crash, banks ran out of money

New Deal & Farmers

Overproduction led to low crop prices, many lost farms due to loan defaults, the Dust Bowl drought devastated farmland

WWII and New Opportunities for Minors

Women : worked in defense industries

• They gained economic independence, but many were forced back home after the war

African Americans: Double V Campaign: Victory against fascism abroad & racism at home, Tuskegee Airmen, migration to industrial cities

Mexican Immigrants (Bracero Program)

• Agreement between the US and Mexico to bring in temporary Mexican laborers

• Helped fill agricultural jobs during the war

• Led to exploitation and discrimination

New Deal & Populism/Progressivism

Populism: Both fought for government intervention in the economy. New Deal Prgrams resembled Populst goals, such as helping farmers and regulating banks

Progressive: Both favored government regulation of businesses. The New Deal expanded Progressive ideas like worker’s rights

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

• New Deal programs expanded government control, which critics saw as socialist.

• People believed that government spending created dependency, interfering in business stifled innovation, and that high taxes and regulations hurt economic growth

Who opposed the New Deal?

Conservative businesses leaders thought it went too far in regulating privat enterprise, SC said some programs were unconstitutional, and radicals such as Huey Long and socialists did not think that it went far enough in helping the poor

Flappers

• Wore shorter skirts, bobbed hair, and makeup

• They drank, smoked, and went to jazz clubs

• They reflected a shift towards independence, personal freedom, and modern values

Hoover

Believed in “rugged individualism” in which people would solve problems without government help

Limited government action

Response to Great Depression seen as too little, too late

FDR

Believed that government must actively intervene to help struggling Americans

FDR’s Quarantine Speech

• US had previously been isolationist

• FDR proposed that aggressive nations should be quarantined to stop the spread of war

• Indicated a shift away from Neutrality

• Americans opposed intervention at first, but FDR was laying the groundwork for future involvement in WWII

• Set the stage for Lend-Lease Act

Atomic Bomb

Manhattan Project: Secret US Protect to develop nuclear weapons

Scientists: Einstein, Oppenheimer, Fermi

Massive funding and resources

Fear that Nazi Germany would get it first

Japanese-American discrimination

Poor living conditions in barracks

Limited freedoms

many faced racism and financial ruin

similar to Trail of Tears and German-American Persecution

Women’s Right to Vote

19th Amendment allowed women to vote. Women entered politics, focused on women’s issues, and voting turnout increased

Social Shifts Caused By Great Depression

• Farmers moved West after the Dust Bowl

• More women worked

• Urban workers shifted to public works jobs

• The federal government expanded

• People expected the govt to provide economic stability

Why Truman Dropped the Bomb

Japan refused to surrender, he wanted to save American lives, retaliation for Pearl Harbor, intimidate the USSR

Causes of the Great Depression

Stock market crash, banks ran out of money, overproduction, debt and credit could not be paid off, wages stayed low while rich controlled wealth

The Great Migration

Jim Crow Laws and racism, lunching and violence, factory jobs in the North, Harlem Renaissance

US ending Neutrality

• Lend-Leade Act

• German U-Boat Attacks

• Pearl Harbor Attack

• Germany and Italy declared war on US