SPA 3101 Final Exam

True or False: A myofibril is comprised of myosin, actin, sarcomeres, and fascicles.

False: Fascicles are actually the bundles of myofibrils that make up muscles. Smallest→Largest: Myofilaments(Myosin + Actin) →Sarcomere(contractile unit)→Myofibrils(chains of sarcomeres)→Muscle Fiber→Fascicle→Whole Muscle

Boyle’s law states…

There is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature.

Aspiration pneumonia occurs more often…where and why?

In the right lung due to the wider, shorter, more vertical bronchus.

Functional Residual Capacity

Volume of air remaining in the lungs AFTER a normal passive exhalation. FRC=ERV+RV

Residual Volume

The air you can NEVER exhale.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The extra air you CAN exhale forcefully after a normal recoil exhale.

Lungs expand due to…

Negative pressure that keeps lungs attached inside the thoracic cavity. Pleural linkage.

Skeletal Muscle mainly involved in….

VOLUNTARY movement.

Biological functions of the respiratory system

Breathing, airway protection, humidifcation, filtering of air, pressure regulation, smell.

NON-biological functions of the respiratory system

Speech production, voice production, singing, laughing, crying, breath hold for certain tasks.

Lung-thorax unit is closest to equilibrium at…?

40% of Vital Capacity

Fibrous Joints

The only joints that do NOT contain an articulatory space. Non-moving

Which division of the pleura lines the inside of thoracic cavity?

Parietal

Hyaline cartilage

Susceptible to ossification. Smooth, most common, found in joints and ribs, nose, trachea.

Elastic Cartilage

Flexible, found in epiglottis and pinna, recoils to shape.

Fibrocartilage

Strongest, dense collagen; found in intervertebral discs, menisci

Cartaliginous Joints

Slightly moveable, bones joined by cartilage; hylanie and fibrocartilage;

Synovial Joints

Most movement; fluid filled capsule; hinge, ball & socket, pivot, gliding, condyloid

The amount of air in the lungs after a tidal expiration is

Functional residual capacity

The lungs are a highly_________ structure.

Passive and elastic

The diaphragm is in a dome shaped position

At rest

Diaphragm attaches to the sternum at the:

Xiphoid process

Which of the following is a muscle used in active expiration:

Quadratus lumborum

Carina is considered part of the:

Lower airway

Primary muscles of quiet expiration are:

No muscles. Lungs and rib cage recoil do the work.

When would the abdominal muscles become active during speech?

At low lung volumes.

Hyaline, fibrous, and elastic are all types of…

Cartilages

The smallest contractile unit within a muscle is a…

Sarcomere

The transverse plane divides the body into:

Upper and lower sections

The _______ nerve innervates the diaghragm and emanates from the _______ level of the vertebral column.

Phrenic; cervical

The Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Has an attachment in the neck and is active during forced inspiration. It increases the size of the thoracic cavity.

External intercostals

Active during both quiet AND forced INSPIRATION. Front pocket orientation. Lift ribcage up to increase thoracic volume.

Internal intercostals

Active during ONLY FORCED exhalation. Back pocket orientation. Pull ribcage down to decrease thoracic volume. Deep to the external intercostals.

The relaxation pressure curve shows:

The non-muscular forces acting on the lung-thorax unit.

If I wanted to speak softly at 60% vital capacity what forces would be at work?

Elastic recoil and inspiratory checking

How do you calculate inspiratory capacity? (IC)

IC=TV+IRV IC is the MAX you can inhale starting from the end of a normal exhale.

TV Tidal Volume. How do you find it?

TV=TLC-(IRV+ERV+RV) The amount of air you inhale or exhale during a normal, quiet breath. Typical adult is 500mL.

Functional Residual Capacity

The amount remaining after a tidal exhalation. ERV + RV = FRC

Speech Breathing Process

1. Diaphragm contracts

2. Lung volume increases

3. Air flows into the lungs

4. Lung thorax unit decreases

5. Functional residual capacity reached

6. Expiratory muscles contract

According to the myoelastic aerodynamic theory of voice production, opening and closing of the vocal folds is due to _________

Subglottal air pressure build up, elastic recoil, and Bernoulli effect

Both the epiglottis and the thyroid cartilage are essential structures for phonation.

False

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle is important for the position and support of the larynx.

False

The perceptual correlate of intensity is loudness.

True

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle has an attachment at the muscular process of the arytenoid.

True

Using a strobe light during laryngoscoppy allows for visualization of the vocal folds in slow motion.

True

Flexible laryngoscopy allows for assessment of laryngeal function during conversational speech.

True

The omohyoid muscle is an extrinsic suprahyoid muscle.

False

The anterior digastric muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the larynx with a point of attachment on the hyoid bone

False

As mass per unit increases, stiffness increases, and fundamental frequency decreases.

True

Which of the following vocal folds configurations would have a larger glottis?

Vocal folds fully abducted.

What is the space beneath the vocal folds extending to the first tracheal ring?

Subglottal space

The ______ is the part of the thyroid that descends posteriorly and inferiorly, attaching to the cricoid cartilage.

Inferior Cornu

All of the following affect the fundamental frequency of the vocal folds except….?

Endoscopy

On average the female voice’s fundamental frequency during reading is:

200-275 Hz

All of the following are mechanisms for increasing pitch except…

Increasing mass

Which layer of the vocal fold is active?

Thyrovocalis

Lowering the pitch of your voice involves ______ the vocal folds.

Relaxing

The rocking motion of the ______ cartilage relative to the ______ cartilage can increase pitch.

Thyroid and cricoid

Which of the following consist of only EXTRINSIC infrahyoid muscles?

Omohydoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternhyoid

The anterior portion of the vocal folds attaches to the ____ cartilage and the posterior portion attaches to the arytenoid cartilages at the ____.

Thyroid; Vocal process

Which of the following consists of only muscles used in adduction:

Oblique interarytenoid; transverse arytenoid; lateral cricoarytenoid

The glottal fry register is characterized by all of the following except:

All of the above are true about the glottal fry register.

Each of the following are joints within the laryngeal mechanism.

A and B

The muscles of the larynx are innvervated by the ____ branch of the _______nerve.

Recurrent laryngeal; vagus

The geniohyoid is important for what function”

Elevating the laryngeal complex

The posterior cricoarytenoid is innvervated by the _____ and has a synergistic relationship with the diaghpragm which is innervated by the __________.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve; phrenic nerve

______ and ______ are two OBJECTIVE acoustic measures of phonation.

Fundamental frequency; intensity; jitter; shimmer;

Name two SUBJECTIVE descriptive measures of phonation.

Glottal fry; breathiness; hoarseness; hyponasality; tremor; resonance; vocal effort;

Which of the following is biological function of the larynx?

Thoracic fixation; Swallowing; Coughing; Breathing

The inferior orbicularis oris is less mobile than the superior orbicularis oris.

False

Both muscular force and gravity are involved in the production of non-nasal speech sounds.

False

The zygomatic, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferior, and risorius are facial muscles primarily innervated by CN V.

False

The parietomastoid suture is a fibrous joint containing a large articulatory space.

False

The posterior cricoarytenoid and the lateral cricoarytenoid are essential for production of voiced sounds.

False

A retrognathic or class II malocclusion occurs when the maxilla lies anteriorly to the mandible.

True

Vowels are generally voiced and are produced with very little airflow constriction.

True

The primary mover muscles for production of /s/ and /z/ are inferior longitudinal and superior longitudinal.

True

Temporalis

Elevator

Mylohyoid

Depressor

Medial pterygoid

Elevator

Anterior belly of the digastric

Depressor

Masseter

Elevator

Lateral pterygoid

Depressor

Linguapalatal

Tongue to alveolar ridge

Linguadental

Tongue to teeth

Labiodental

Lip to teeth

Linguavelar

Tongue to soft palate

The temporomandibular joint is formed by the

Condyloid process of the mandible and the temporal bone

The function of the hyoglossus muscle includes all of the following:

Draw the tongue down and back