GenEd 8: Ethics and Understanding the Self Lecture Notes Review

Sixty flashcards covering various philosophical, sociological, psychological, and ethical perspectives on 'Understanding the Self' based on the CBRC lecture transcript.

According to Socrates, what are the two dichotomous realms of existence?

The Physical Realm, which is changeable and imperfect, and the Ideal Realm, which is unchanging and immortal.

What is the tripartite nature of the soul as described by Plato?

An immortal rational part, a courageous or spirited part, and an appetitive part.

Which philosopher proposed the 'Theory of Golden Mean' and focused on moderation?

Aristotle

According to St. Augustine, where can 'end-all' and 'be-all' happiness be found?

In God alone.

Who taught that every human person is created in the image and likeness of God?

St. Thomas Aquinas

What is the famous philosophical phrase coined by Rene Descartes regarding existence?

"I think, therefore, I am."

What does John Locke's concept of 'tabula rasa' mean?

It means the human mind is a "blank slate" at birth.

According to Immanuel Kant, what is the 'inner self'?

It consists of a person's psychological state and rational intellect.

What was Immanuel Kant's supreme principle of morality?

The Kantian Categorical Imperative: "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time that it should become a natural law."

How did Maurice Merleau-Ponty describe the relationship between the mind and the body?

An inextricable union where the mind and body are so intertwined they cannot be distinguished.

What did Gilbert Ryle believe regarding the mind?

The mind is a set of capacities and abilities belonging to the body, not a mysterious entity controlling it.

What is Paul Churchland's view on the mind and the brain?

Adheres to eliminative materialism, believing the physical brain, not the mind, gives the sense of self.

What is the definition of socialization according to the text?

The lifetime process by which people learn values, attitudes, and behaviors expected by their culture and community.

In George Herbert Mead's theory, what is the difference between the 'I' and the 'me'?

The "I" is the natural, existential aspect of the self, while the "me" is the socialized or cultured self.

What are the three steps in the formation of Charles Cooley's 'looking-glass self'?

1. Imagine how we appear to others; 2. Imagine how others judge that appearance; 3. Develop feelings and responses to those judgments.

How does Anthropology define the self according to Quinn?

The "totality of what an organism is physically, biologically, psychologically, socially and culturally."

What is the 'hallmark of anthropology' mentioned in the text?

The concern with human universals as well as human variety.

What does the 'stratigraphic approach' to the self involve?

Dividing the self into physical, biological, psychological, and social levels without integration.

What is the error of reductionism in studying the self?

Interpreting all observations by reducing the different levels of the self to a single level of analysis.

What is the difference between egocentrism and sociocentrism?

Egocentrism views the world in relation to oneself; sociocentrism views the world in relation to one's group.

What is the definition of 'cultural relativism'?

The idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on their own culture, not judged against another's.

How is 'ethnocentrism' defined?

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

What is the 'id' in Sigmund Freud's structure of the psyche?

The unconscious, impulsive part that operates on the "pleasure principle."

What is the 'ego' in Sigmund Freud's structure of the psyche?

The part that acts on the "reality principle."

In William James's theory, what is the 'Me'?

The "self-as-object" or the "empirical me," including the material, social, and spiritual selves.

According to William James, what is the core of the 'Material Self'?

The BODY.

What constitutes the 'Spiritual Self' according to William James?

The core, intimate self including personality, values, and conscience, which asks spiritual and moral questions.

How does the Oriental concept of a person differ from the Western concept?

Oriental thought sees the person as an integrated whole connected to the universe (collectivism); Western thought emphasizes individualistic nature (individualism).

What is a 'growth spurt'?

A rapid growth experienced during puberty in a span of $2$ to $3$ years.

What are the age ranges for the stages of adolescence?

Early: $11-14$; Middle: $15-17$; Late: $18-24$ years old.

What is the difference between 'self-image' and 'self-esteem'?

Self-image is the idea one has of their abilities and personality; self-esteem is how much one appreciates and values themselves.

What are the two biological factors mentioned that affect growth and development?

$1.$ Nutrition and $2.$ Gender.

What is the function of the SRY gene in prenatal development?

It triggers the synthesis of SRY protein, causing primordial gonads to develop into testes.

What do the Wolffian and M’’llerian systems develop into respectively?

The Wolffian system becomes male reproductive ducts; the M’’llerian system becomes female reproductive ducts.

Which hormones cause the testes to release testosterone during puberty?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?

A condition where individuals have an XY genotype but develop a female appearance.

What is the difference between cisgender and transgender terminologies?

Cisgender identifies with the sex assigned at birth; Transgender lives/identifies as a gender different from their biological sex.

What are erogenous zones?

Areas in the human body with heightened sensitivity that can produce sexual responses.

What are the three components of Sternberg's Triangle Model of Love?

Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment.

What is 'Consummate Love'?

The ideal form of love containing all three elements of Sternberg's triangle.

What is metacognition?

"Thinking about thinking" or being aware of your own thinking and learning process.

What are the steps in the PQ4R method of learning?

Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, and Review.

What are the three levels of self-regulation described in the notes?

$1.$ Adherence, $2.$ Identification, and $3.$ Internalization.

According to Albert Bandura, what are the four ways to develop self-efficacy?

$1.$ Mastery Experience, $2.$ Social Modeling, $3.$ Social Persuasion, and $4.$ State of Physiology.

What is the difference between a 'Fixed Mindset' and a 'Growth Mindset' according to Dr. Carol Dweck?

A fixed mindset makes a person avoid challenges, while a growth mindset enables a person to embrace them.

What does the word 'ethics' mean based on its Greek root?

It comes from the word "Ethos," meaning custom or character.

What is the main goal of the Greek tradition of ethics?

To have a "Good Life" and be happy.

What is the focus of Bioethics?

Ethical issues about life, biomedical research, medicine, health care, and the medical profession.

What is the difference between 'Teleological' and 'Deontological' moral standards?

Teleological standards depend on the consequence/outcome; Deontological standards depend on the sense of duty.

What is the 'Boo-Hooray Theory' formally known as?

Emotivism

What are the two minimum requirements for morality?

Reason and Impartiality.

What is 'moral courage'?

Doing the right thing even at the risk of personal loss, ridicule, or punishment.

According to Aristotle, what is 'Eudaimonia'?

Happiness, which is the end or ultimate goal ($Telos$) of human existence.

What are the three-fold natural inclinations of the human person according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

$1.$ Self-preservation, $2.$ Just dealing with others, and $3.$ Propagation of human species.

In Thomistic ethics, what are the conditions that determine the morality of an action?

The object, the end (purpose), and the circumstances.

What is the difference between a 'Human Act' and an 'Act of Human'?

A Human Act involves reasoning and intent; an Act of Human happens in the body without conscious mind awareness (e.g., breathing).

Who is known as the founder of Utilitarianism?

Jeremy Bentham

What is 'Common Good' in the context of justice and fairness?

Facilities provided by a community to all members to fulfill a relational obligation to care for common interests.

What is 'facticity' in philosophical terms?

The "givens" of our situation.

What is 'xenocentrism'?

The thinking that another's culture is superior to one's own.