Explaining Change

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Physical Changes

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Description and Tags

33 Terms

1

Physical Changes

changes in the state or appearance of matter that do not alter the chemical composition

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2

Physical Changes

  • Characteristics:

    • Reversible

    • No new substances formed

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3

Melting, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation

Examples of Physical Changes

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4

Chemical Changes

changes result in the formation of new substances with different properties from the original substances.

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5

Combustion

Burning of wood or gasoline, producing COā‚‚ and water.

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6

Chemical Changes

  • Characteristics:

  • Usually irreversible

  • Formation of new substances

  • Energy changes (exothermic or endothermic reactions)

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7

Succession

The process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time.

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8

Primary Succession

Occurs in lifeless areas where there is no soil (e.g., after a volcanic eruption)

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9

Secondary Succession

Occurs in areas where a community has been disturbed but soil remains (e.g., after a forest fire).

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10

Deforestation

Clearing of forests for agriculture or urban development.

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11

Pollution

Release of harmful substances into the environment.

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12

Climate Change

Long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels.

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13

Urbanization

Expansion of cities leading to habitat loss and fragmentation.

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14

Agricultural Practices

Use of pesticides and fertilizers.

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15

Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence of an organism

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16

Point Mutations

Changes in a single nucleotide (e.g., substitution, insertion, deletion).

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17

Mutations, Genetic Variation

Genetic Changes

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18

Chromosomal Mutations

Changes in the structure or number of chromosomes (e.g., duplications, deletions, inversions, translocations).

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19

Genetic Variation

Differences in DNA sequences among individuals within a population.

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20

Natural Selection

Speciation

Evolutionary Changes

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21

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation

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22

Speciation

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

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23

Allopatric Speciation, Sympatric Speciation

Speciation types

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24

Sympatric Speciation

Occurs without geographic separation, often through genetic or behavioral differences.

  • Example: Certain plants can undergo polyploidy, where the number of chromosomes doubles, leading to reproductive isolation from the parent population.

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25

Allopatric Speciation

Occurs when populations are geographically separated.

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26
  • Geographic isolation

  • Genetic drift

  • Natural selection

  • Mutation

  • Sexual selection

Factors Influencing Speciation

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27

Concentration, Temperature, Catalysts,

Factors Affecting Rates

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28

Surface Area

Greater surface area increases the rate by allowing more particles to collide

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29

Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium

Reactions that can proceed in both forward and reverse directions.

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30

Impact of Humans on the Carbon Cycle

Combustion of Fossil Fuels

Deforestation

Agricultural Practices

Carbon Sequestration

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31

Carbon Cycle

Movement of carbon between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere

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32

Nitrogen Cycle

Movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms

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33

Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Water Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle

What are the Biogeochemical Cycles

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