Biology Exam Preparation Flashcards
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These flashcards are designed to help students review key concepts in biology covered in their coursework, preparing them for exams by encouraging active recall and engagement with the material.
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101 Terms
What is the karyotype of a healthy woman?
46, XX
What role does water play in the organism?
It acts as a solvent, participates in transport, influences temperature regulation, allows ionization of molecules, and directly participates in reactions.
Name one specificity of enzymes recognized in biology.
Absolute specificity.
What is the karyotype of a woman with Turner syndrome?
45, X.
What is gonochorism?
When male and female individuals can be distinguished.
What term describes the organism's ability to adapt to the external environment?
Adaptability.
What is the karyotype of a man with Down syndrome?
47, XY+21.
What does a filled circle represent in a pedigree?
An affected woman.
What is true about extranuclear inheritance?
DNA molecules are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts in one copy.
What environment causes osmotic lysis of cells?
Hypotonic.
What is the basis for sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms?
The presence of sex cells.
In what stage do embryos of all multicellular animals develop?
Gastrula stage.
By what bond are amino acids in proteins linked?
Peptide bond.
What occurs during conjugation?
Genetic material exchange in bacteria.
What does sexual dimorphism refer to?
Distinction between male and female individuals by sexual characteristics.
Name one model organism used in biological experiments.
Drosophila.
What is inbreeding?
Mating of relatives.
When does crossing-over occur during meiosis?
In prophase of the first meiotic division.
Which cells in the body can be detected to determine gender?
Somatic cells.
What defines genes biologically?
They are sequences of nucleotides located in DNA macromolecules.
What groups are tissues organized into?
Organs.
How do we classify organisms based on complexity?
Acellular, single-celled, multicellular.
What is an important function of epithelial tissue?
Protection.
What does fertilization result in?
The formation of a zygote.
What are gonosomes?
Sex chromosomes that determine chromosomal sex.
What is parthenogenesis?
Development of an unfertilized egg.
What is one true statement about mitochondrial DNA?
It is mostly circular.
How is cell regulation affected?
By changing enzyme activity.
What is hermaphroditism?
When an organism produces both male and female reproductive cells.
Which science studies the structure and shapes of organisms?
Anatomy.
How is inherited information passed in humans?
Through genetics.
What controls higher multicellular organisms?
The centralized nervous and hormonal system.
What percentage of cytosine is in the complementary DNA strand if there is 40% guanine?
40%.
If a strand of DNA has 63% adenine, what is the percentage of thymine in its mRNA?
0%.
What is the role of hormones compared to nerve regulation?
Hormonal regulation is slower than nerve regulation.
What is specialization in biology?
Changes in structure and function leading to different cell types.
What do we call the male sex cells?
Spermatozoa.
What are the female gametes in humans?
Oocytes.
What method is commonly used in biology for research?
Observation and experimentation.
What is the product of transcription?
mRNA.
What is the biotic factor of the environment?
Dependence of heterotrophic organisms on autotrophs.
What sugars are found in RNA?
Ribose.
Which polysaccharide has a storage function?
Glycogen.
What is replication?
The process of doubling genetic information.
Which enzyme adds complementary bases during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase.
What does bacteriology study?
Bacteria.
What constitutes a nucleoid?
One DNA molecule, usually in prokaryotes.
What is the chromosomal count in a human somatic cell?
It has two sets of chromosomes.
Under what conditions does cell division stop?
In the absence of nutrients or under unsuitable environmental conditions.
What characterizes the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
The cell grows.
Which RNA types are involved in protein synthesis?
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
What do eukaryotic cells contain in their membrane system?
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus.
What are membranes mainly consisted of?
Phospholipid bilayers.
What happens with chromosomes in mitosis metaphase?
They align to the equatorial plane.
What do eukaryotic organelles include?
Ribosomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the shape of non-nuclear chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?
Baculiform.
What is the name of the indirect division of eukaryotic cells?
Mitosis.
How can we study cell cycles effectively?
In tissue cultures.
What do lysosomes do?
Contain digestive enzymes.
What phases of mitotic division are part of eukaryotic cells?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What is the haploid count in human cells?
23 chromosomes.
What is included in the cell wall of a eukaryotic cell?
Cellulose.
Where are nuclear pores located?
In the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells.
What special type of cell cycle forms gametes?
Meiosis.
What characterizes the plasmatic membrane of cells?
It is semipermeable.
What is important for producing new proteins?
Proteosynthesis.
What nitrogenous base is only found in RNA?
Uracil.
Where are chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells?
In the cell nucleus.
What ability allows cells to absorb microorganisms?
Phagocytosis.
What energy can autotrophic cells use?
Chemical energy.
What are ribosomes composed of?
Ribonucleic acid and proteins.
What makes up the mitotic apparatus?
Centrioles and the mitotic spindle.
What do phospholipids in biomembranes form?
A bilayer.
Where does protein synthesis take place?
On ribosomes.
How many biomembranes cover the nucleus?
Two in eukaryotic cells.
What is true about the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
May contain a nucleolus.
What is glycogen in living organisms?
Animal cell polysaccharide.
Where does DNA replication occur in a cell?
In the cell nucleus.
What is the cell cycle phase that includes DNA replication?
S phase.
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Which substances are osmotically most effective?
Electrolytes.
How does the cell use osmotic energy?
For substance transfer through cell membranes.
What are ribosomes in prokaryotic cells defined by?
Composed of proteins and RNA.
What does the X chromosome indicate?
A chromosomal indicator of female sex in humans.
What is the medical importance of plasmids?
They influence antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
What is the basic building block of nucleotides?
Consists of a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group.
Where is the transcription concluded in the cell?
In the nucleus.
What is the role of genetic information storage in DNA?
It is determined by nucleotide sequences.
What kind of proteins are involved in the structural and functional organization in cells?
Structural proteins and enzymes.
What gene types regulate gene activity?
Regulatory genes.
What leads to differentiation in cells?
Changes in structure and function.
What regulates enzymes in the body?
By hormones and signaling pathways.
What does the body maintain to fight against bacteria and toxins?
Immune response.
What are nutrients and water regulated by in organisms?
Hormonal and neural mechanisms.
What defines a unique population's genetics?
Genetic drift and natural selection.
What concept describes biological diversity in ecosystems?
Biodiversity.
What do modern genetics study?
Gene function and expression.
How do genetic mutations arise?
Through environmental factors or errors in DNA replication.
What forms a concept of biological evolution?
Change in species over time.
What is natural selection?
Survival and reproduction of organisms adapted to their environment.