Urinary Elimination Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering characteristics of normal and altered urine, nursing interventions for urinary health, and specific clinical protocols for urinary catheterization.

Normal Urine Amount (24-hour)

$$1,200 - 1,500\,mL$$

Normal Urine Output (per hour)

$30 - 60\,mL$ per hour

Normal Color/Clarity

Straw, Amber, Transparent

Normal Odor

Faint Aromatic

Normal pH range

$$4.5 - 8$$

Normal Specific Gravity

$$1.010 - 1.025$$

Polyuria (diuresis)

Production of large amounts of urine.

Oliguria

Low urine output, specifically less than $500\,mL$ per day or less than $30\,mL$ per hour.

Anuria

A lack of urine production.

Urinary Frequency

Voiding at frequent intervals, defined as more than 4 to 6 times per day.

Nocturia

Voiding 2 or more times at night.

Urgency

A sudden, strong desire to void, which may occur regardless of the amount of urine in the bladder.

Dysuria

Painful or difficult voiding.

Urinary hesitancy

A delay and difficulty in initiating voiding, often associated with dysuria.

Enuresis

Involuntary urination in children.

Nocturnal enuresis

Bedwetting, which affects boys more often than girls.

Urinary Incontinence (UI)

Involuntary urine leakage.

Urinary Retention

A condition where emptying of the bladder is impaired, leading to urine accumulation and an over-distended bladder.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A cause of urinary retention where the bladder may be firm, distended, and displaced from the midline.

Straight catheter (SAD)

Used for sterile specimens, assessing residual urine amount, relieving discomfort from bladder distention, or emptying the bladder prior to surgery.

Indwelling catheter

Used to relieve urinary retention, for critically ill patients requiring accurate I&O, or for selected surgical procedures.

CBI

A 3-way Foley Catheter used for continuous bladder irrigation.

Retention Catheterization

Performed using a 2-way Foley Catheter (FC).

Insertion Depth (Female)

$3-4$ inches using a size Fr. $12-14$ catheter.

Insertion Depth (Male)

$6-9$ inches using a size Fr. $16-18$ catheter.

Catheter Size (Children)

#8 or #10

Catheter Size (Adults)

#14 or #16; men frequently require size #18.

Maximal Urine Drainage

Only $750$ to $1000\,mL$ of urine are to be drained from the bladder at one time.

Urine Specimen Collection Angle

Insert a Luer-Lok syringe at a 90-degree angle into the needleless port.