Vertebrate Zoology Exam 1 - Clades & Synapomorphies

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Other flashcards for Vertebrate Zoology can be found under the tag "11:216:325"

11:216:325

Vertebrate Zoology

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17 Terms

1
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Cyclostomata

Clade comprised of Hagfish (Myxiniformes) and Lungfish (Petromyzontiformes)

<p>Clade comprised of Hagfish (Myxiniformes) and Lungfish (Petromyzontiformes)</p>
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What are some defining characteristics of Cyclostomata?

Cyclostomata = extant jawless vertebrates

  1. Single median nostril

  2. Branchial basket (arch that supports gills)

  3. Gill arch skeleton lateral to/outside of gill tissue (instead of medial/inside of)

  4. Unique tongue that is NOT homologous with the gnathostome tongue

* Image includes Chondrichthyan diagrams (B&D) for comparison

<p>Cyclostomata = extant jawless vertebrates</p><ol><li><p>Single median nostril</p></li><li><p>Branchial basket (arch that supports gills)</p></li><li><p>Gill arch skeleton <strong>lateral to/outside of</strong> gill tissue (instead of medial/inside of)</p></li><li><p>Unique tongue that is NOT homologous with the gnathostome tongue</p></li></ol><p></p><p><em>* Image includes Chondrichthyan diagrams (B&amp;D) for comparison</em></p><p></p>
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“Hagfish” refers to what clade?

Myxiniformes

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What are the two major genera of Hagfish (Myxiniformes)?

Eptatretus and Myxine

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What are some defining characteristics of Myxiniformes?

SYNAPOMORPHY: SLIME GLANDS

  • The slime chokes and deters gnathostome predators

  • Single median nostril

  • Pharynx and gill slits are posterior to the head

  • Single median fin

  • Pre-anal fin (the only extant vertebrates to have one)

  • Teeth arranged horizontally <—>

  • No larval stage

  • Reduced features (such as no eyes)

<p>SYNAPOMORPHY: <strong>SLIME GLANDS</strong></p><ul><li><p>The slime <strong>chokes and deters gnathostome predators</strong></p></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p><strong>Single median nostril</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Pharynx and gill slits are posterior to the head</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Single median fin</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Pre-anal fin</strong> (the only extant vertebrates to have one)</p></li><li><p>Teeth arranged <strong>horizontally</strong> &lt;—&gt;</p></li><li><p>No larval stage</p></li><li><p>Reduced features (such as <strong>no eyes</strong>)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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“Lampreys” refers to what clade?

Petromyzontiformes

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What are the two major genera of Petromyzontiformes?

Petromyzon (meaning “stone sucker”) and Lampetra

Image: Lampetra planeri

<p><em>Petromyzon</em> (meaning “stone sucker”) and <em>Lampetra</em></p><p></p><p><span style="color: green">Image: <em>Lampetra planeri</em></span></p>
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What are some defining characteristics of Petromyzontiformes?

SYNAPOMORPHIES:

  1. 7 pairs of gill pouches

  2. Round mouth located at bottom of buccal funnel

  • Buccal funnel displaced the single median nostril to the top of the head

  • Well developed eyes w/ color vision

  • Pineal eye homologous to pineal gland of mammals

  • Larvae are filter feeders that use velum to pump water for filter feeding

  • Parasitic species feed on fluid

<p>SYNAPOMORPHIES:</p><ol><li><p><strong>7 pairs of gill pouches</strong></p></li><li><p>Round mouth located at bottom of <strong>buccal funnel</strong></p></li></ol><p></p><ul><li><p><strong>Buccal funnel displaced the single median nostril</strong> to the top of the head</p></li><li><p>Well developed eyes w/ color vision</p></li><li><p><strong>Pineal eye</strong> homologous to pineal gland of mammals</p></li><li><p>Larvae are <strong>filter feeders</strong> that use <strong>velum</strong> to pump water for filter feeding</p></li><li><p><strong>Parasitic species</strong> feed on fluid</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anadromy

Spawning occurs in freshwater, larvae grow in freshwater, but adults live in the ocean

Freshwater <—> Ocean

<p>Spawning occurs in freshwater, larvae grow in freshwater, but adults live in the ocean</p><p>Freshwater &lt;—&gt; Ocean</p>
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Potamodromy

Life cycle entirely in freshwater

EX: Potamodromous lampreys live in large lakes and ascend rivers and streams to breed

<p>Life cycle entirely in freshwater</p><p>EX: Potamodromous lampreys live in large lakes and ascend rivers and streams to breed</p>
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Cryptobranchidae

Clade of hellbenders and giant salamanders, within Caudata

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Sirenidae

Clade of sirens, within Caudata

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What is unique about Sirenidae compared to the rest of Caudata?

They lack hindlimbs and the pelvic girdle

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Ambystomatidae

Clade of mole salamanders, within Caudata

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Proteidae

Clade of mudpuppies, within Caudata

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Amphiumidae

Clade of amphiumas, within Caudata

Amphiumas - elongated equative salamanders lacking gills

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Plethodontidae

Clade of lungless salamanders, within Caudata

  • Contains 2/3 of extant salamander species