main groups of life

(phylum) porifera

-sponges

-basal w no special tissues

-only specialized cells

-one way in and out→not blind gut

Filter feeder

Water passes through their system and the filter out the food they wants and food they dont

Cnidaria

-sea nettles, jelly fish, etc.

-radial symmetry

-specialized tissues

-one way in and out

-first organisms to have a body w 2 layers

Alteration of generations - Cnidarians

Polyp→medusa

Cnidocytes

-What Cnidarians use to grab prey

-stinging structure(tentacles)

Protosomes

-Animals where the mouth developed first

-contains nephrozoans and ecdysozoa

Blind gut

-cnidarians

-one hole for everything

Through gut

-Anus AND mouth

-One for eating one for shitting

Nephrozoa(NS)

-through gut animal with

• Bilateral symmetry

• Throught guts

• The coelom-body cavity filled with fluid and internal organs

Blastula and gastrula

1. Start as a blastula-hollow ball one cell thick

2. Triple a in thickness

3. Hole punched through and is now a gastrula→forms digestive tract

Spiralia

-a big clade of protosomes→are nephrozoan

-contains

• Flatworms

• Molusks

• Annelids

• Gastropods

• Bivalves

Flatworms

-No respiratory or circulatory system

-First animals that can pee with flame cells

-have nervous system

Cephilization

Having sensory system around the head(like our nose and eyes)

Annelids

-segmented worms

-septa→internals walls

-cuticle to avoid drying out-respiration

-some with gills

-closed circulatory system

Mollusks

-sister to annelids

-radulla-’tongue’ covered with teeth

contains:

• Chitons

• Cephalopods

• Gastropods

• Bivalves

-Mantle-reproductive system

-All have open circulatory systems except cehpalopods

Cephalopods

-squids, octopus

-foot becomes feeding structure

-mantle becomes jet propeller

-some with shells other have them greatly reduced

Colour changing

-mollusks

Gastropods

-group of mollusks

-slugs and snails

-defined by torsion-body twists so anus is on the head

Bivalves

-clams, scallops, etc.

-shell enclosed whole body

Chitons

Small mollusks w segmented shells

Ecdysozoa

-major group within protosomes

-contains

• Nematodes

• Arthopods

Nematodes

-roundworms

-piercing mouthparts

Arthopods

3 main lineages

• Tardigrades

• Velvet worms

• True arthopods

Tradigrades and Velvet worms are not true arthopods

-very large group

-crustaseans, insects, arachnids

Arthopod features

Contains

• Exoskeleton

• Moulting

• Limb segmentation

• Body segmentation

• Open circulation

Chelicerae

-Major phylum of arthopods

-piercing mouthparts with venom ous enzymes

-spiders, centipedes, millipedes

Exoskeleton and moulting

-dedicated to movement

-made of chitin

-limited growth→moult

-moulting:shedding exoskeleton

Segmented limbs

-Like joints that they can bend to help with mobility

-stiff

Segmented bodies

Segmented into tagmata Similar to the head abdomen and thorax

Echinoderms

-sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers

-Water vascular system

-Most don't have anuses

-have statocysts

-Can fragment but needs part of the center of their body

-not hermaphrodites

Stacocysts

Allows animal to tell if their upside down or right side up

Water vascular system

-pumps blood through feet to move

-also used as their heart and lungs

Hermaphrodites

Has both male and female reproductive parts

Chordates

-Our closest relatives

-contains

• Lancelets

• Agnathans

• Chonorichthyes

• Osteichthyes

• Tetra pods

• Amnitoes

• Sauropsids

• Mammals

Lancelets

Simplest vertavrate wo a brain heart or skull

Agnathan

Have

• True hearts

• Brains

• Skulls

• Sensory structures

Chonorichthyes

-Sharks

-first vertabrates with jaws

Osteichthyes

-With actuals bones→not cartilage

-thin and feathered out

-most fish

-lobe finned fish and lung fish

Tetrapods

-lobed finned fish that adapted to live on land

-silver fish 🤢

Amnitoes

-Produces amniotic egg:embryo covered in waterproof membrane

Sauropsids

Modern reptiles and birds

Mammals

-Produces milk

-has fur

Marsupials

First group of animals with placentas→mammals

Monotremes

Egg laying mammals

Neotny

Slowing growth

chamber heart

-Water fish:2 chambers, one loop around, blood goes to the heart→gills→body→back to heart

-amphibians and most reptiles:3 chambers, 2 loops, blood enters heart→oxegynated and deoxygenated blood mix in the ventricle→half the blood loops around to the lungs and back→other half loops to the body and back

-mammals:4 chambers, ventricle has a wall between so all blood is oxygenated, blood enters heart into the left ventricle and passes the lungs→goes into right ventricle and loops to the body→back to the left ventricle

Siphon

-in gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves

-lets water (and some air) flow to and from the mantles cavity

Mandibulates

-sister to chelicerae

-3 tagmata

-jaws and antennae

Tagmata

Arthopod body parts are split into tagmata but not all have 3 tagmata, just insects

-thorax, head, abdomen

Lissamphibia

Group of tetrapods that include all amphibians