American Reform Movements and Abolitionist Movement

Neutrality Proclamation

Washington's declaration of US neutrality in European conflicts

Isolationist Policies

Tradition set by Washington to avoid entanglement in foreign conflicts

Impressment

British practice of capturing American sailors for navy service

Citizen Edmond Genet

French envoy who defied US neutrality, sparking tensions

Fasces

Symbol of Roman dictators in wartime, linked to Cincinnatus

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws restricting immigrants and criticism of the government

XYZ Affair

French demand for bribes from US diplomats, causing war fears

Quasi War

Conflict between US and France at sea

Midnight Judges

Adams' last-minute appointment of Federalist judges

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark case establishing judicial review

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson's acquisition of vast territory from France

Yeoman Farmer

Independent small farmer who owes no debts

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Exploration journey to the Pacific commissioned by Jefferson

Embargo Act

Jefferson's ban on US trade to avoid war

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Native leaders resisting American expansion east of the Mississippi

Battle of Tippecanoe

Defeat of Native forces by William Henry Harrison

War Hawks

Congress members advocating for war against Britain and Indians

Fort McHenry

Fort in Baltimore shelled by the British, inspiring 'The Star Spangled Banner'

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists against the War of 1812 and Westward Expansion

Treaty of Ghent

1814 treaty ending the War of 1812, maintaining pre-war status quo

Era of Good Feelings

Post-War of 1812 period with minimal political opposition

Monroe Doctrine

1823 policy warning European powers against intervention in the Americas

Panic of 1819

Financial crisis leading to foreclosures and anti-National Bank sentiments

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement to maintain balance between free and slave states

John Quincy Adams

President after Monroe, excelled in foreign affairs and fought slavery post-presidency

Tariff of Abominations

1828 tariff causing Southern and Western resentment, nearly sparking a Civil War

Andrew Jackson

Elected president in 1828, known as 'Old Hickory' and champion of the common man

Alexis de Tocqueville

Author of 'Democracy in America' discussing mass democracy and human nature

Spoils System

Political practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs

Nullification Crisis

1832 crisis over high tariffs, leading to the threat of secession by South Carolina

Peggy Eaton Affair

Scandal involving Peggy Eaton, wife of a cabinet member, causing political tensions

Kitchen Cabinet

Informal advisors to Jackson after dismissing his cabinet.

Indian Removal

Jackson's policy to relocate Native Americans, favoring the idea.

Five Civilized Tribes

Settled tribes adopting Western ways, including Cherokee and Choctaw.

Cherokee Nation vs Georgia

Legal battle over Cherokee land rights, leading to Supreme Court rulings.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Native Americans to Oklahoma, resulting in thousands of deaths.

Bank War

Jackson's conflict with the Second Bank of the US, leading to its destruction.

Specie Circular

Jackson's policy requiring hard money for land purchases.

Whig Party

Opposition party to Jackson, viewing him as a tyrant.

Election of 1836

Van Buren wins after Jackson's support, facing Whig opposition.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis post-bank closure, crop failure, and over-speculation.

Log Cabin Campaign

Whigs promote Harrison as a common man, mirroring Jackson.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival leading to social reforms and increased women's roles.

Peter Cartwright

Circuit preacher involved in the Second Great Awakening.

Charles Grandison Finney

Revivalist preacher in the 'Burned Over District' of NY.

Unitarianism

Religious movement conflicting with traditional congregationalism.

Reform Movements

Various social reforms including temperance, education, and women's rights.

Dorthea Dix

Advocate for mental health reform, improving conditions in asylums.

Lucretia Mott

Quaker abolitionist and women's rights advocate.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting launching the women's rights movement.

Horace Mann

Education reformer advocating for better schools and curriculum.

Noah Webster

Educator known for McGuffey Reader and advocating free schools.

Wilderness Utopias

Experimental communities like New Harmony, IN, promoting radical ideas.

Transcendentalists

Followers of a movement stemming from the Second Great Awakening, with unique ideas and communities like Oneida, NY

Shakers

Members of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, known for communal living and simple wood furniture

Mormons

Followers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, led by Joseph Smith and later Brigham Young, with beliefs in polygamy and unit voting

Hudson River School of Art

Artists like Asher Durand and Thomas Cole who painted American landscapes to promote national identity

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Philosopher associated with Transcendentalism, emphasizing self-reliance and individualism

Henry David Thoreau

Author of 'Walden: Or Life in the Woods,' advocating truth pursuit through simplicity and meditation

Edgar Allan Poe

Famous for 'The Raven,' a prominent Transcendentalist figure

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Author of 'The Scarlet Letter,' part of the Transcendentalist movement

Walt Whitman

Known for 'Leaves of Grass,' a significant Transcendentalist poet

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Famous for 'The Song of Hiawatha,' contributing to the Transcendentalist movement

Louisa May Alcott

Author of 'Little Women,' associated with Transcendentalism

Emily Dickinson

Prolific poet with over 2,000 poems published posthumously, part of the Transcendentalist circle

Herman Melville

Author of 'Moby Dick' and 'Billy Budd,' connected to the Transcendentalist movement