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66 Terms

1
Chromosome
A structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information.
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2
Chromatin
The substance found within a chromosome, consisting of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during cell division.
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3
Centromere
The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined.
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4
Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome, connected by a centromere, that form during DNA replication.
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5
Nucleosome
A structural unit of chromatin consisting of a segment of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
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6
Histone
A type of protein that helps package and organize DNA in the nucleus into nucleosomes.
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7
Chromatin Condensation
The process by which chromatin fibers become tightly coiled and compacted to form visible chromosomes.
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8
What processes require mitosis?
Somatic cell division, asexual reproduction, and tissue regeneration.
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9
What are the products of mitosis?
Two genetically identical daughter cells.
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10
Kinetochore
A protein complex that forms at the centromere during cell division and attaches to spindle fibers.
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11
Spindles
Microtubule structures that separate sister chromatids during mitosis.
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12
Centrioles
Cylindrical structures in the centrosome that help organize spindles during mitosis.
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13
Centrosome
The organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center during cell division.
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14
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
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15
Metaphase
The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
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16
Anaphase
The phase of mitosis when sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
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17
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms.
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18
Cytokinesis
The process of cytoplasmic division that occurs after mitosis, differing in plant and animal cells.
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19
Interphase
The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell is not dividing, consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases.
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20
Checkpoints
Regulatory points in the cell cycle that ensure proper division and function.
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21
Oncogenes
Genes that have the potential to cause cancer when mutated.
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22
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Genes that help regulate cell growth and division, preventing cancer when functioning properly.
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23
Homologous Chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes containing the same genes at identical loci, one inherited from each parent.
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24
Alleles
Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus.
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25
Haploid (1n)
Cells that contain one set of chromosomes.
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26
Diploid (2n)
Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes.
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27
Somatic Cells
All body cells that are not involved in reproduction.
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28
Gametes
Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that are haploid.
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29
What are the products of meiosis?
Four non-identical haploid cells.
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30
What processes require meiosis?
Formation of gametes (spermatogenesis and oogenesis) for sexual reproduction.
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31
Prophase I
The first stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs.
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32
Metaphase I
Homologous pairs align at the equatorial plane during meiosis.
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33
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles during meiosis.
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34
Telophase I
The stage of meiosis where the cell divides into two haploid cells.
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35
Prophase II
The stage of meiosis II where chromosomes condense again if they had decondensed.
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36
Metaphase II
The stage of meiosis II where chromosomes align at the equator of the cell.
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37
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids are separated and pulled towards opposite poles in meiosis II.
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38
Telophase II
The final stage of meiosis II where four haploid daughter cells are formed.
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39
Crossing Over
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
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40
Synapsis
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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41
Tetrad
A group of four chromatids formed during synapsis in prophase I of meiosis.
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42
Chiasma
The point at which homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during crossing over.
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43
What happens during crossing over?
Genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, contributing to genetic variation.
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44
Independent Assortment
The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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45
When does independent assortment occur?
During metaphase I of meiosis.
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46
What is fertilization?
The union of sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote.
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47
What is non-disjunction?
The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
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48
Results of non-disjunction in Meiosis I
Results in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, leading to disorders like Down syndrome.
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49
Results of non-disjunction in Meiosis II
Results in some gametes having two copies of a chromosome and others having none.
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50
What is a karyotype?
A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes arranged in pairs.
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51
Monosomy
A condition where there is only one copy of a chromosome instead of the normal two.
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52
Trisomy
A condition where there are three copies of a chromosome instead of the normal two.
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53
Gamete
A reproductive cell that carries genetic information.
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54
Germ Cell
Cells that give rise to gametes through the process of meiosis.
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55
Somatic Cell
Any cell of the body excluding gametes.
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56
Spermatogenesis
The process of sperm cell formation through mitosis and meiosis.
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57
Structure of Sperm
Sperm consists of an acrosome, nucleus, mitochondria, and flagellum.
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58
Location of Spermatogenesis
Occurs in the testes, where mature sperm are released into the seminal vesicle.
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59
Oogenesis
The process of egg cell formation through mitosis and meiosis, resulting in one egg and polar bodies.
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60
Polar Bodies
Small cells produced during oogenesis that do not develop into eggs and assist in nutrient allocation.
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61
Timing of Meiotic Divisions in Oogenesis
Starts before birth and resumes at puberty, completing after fertilization.
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62
Location of Oogenesis
Occurs in the ovaries within follicles.
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63
Where does fertilization take place?
In the fallopian tube, with implantation occurring in the uterus (endometrium).
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64
Role of the Acrosome
To facilitate the sperm's penetration of the egg's protective layers during fertilization.
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65
Haploid Sperm and Egg Nuclei
Unite to form a diploid zygote during fertilization.
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66
Parthenogenesis
A form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into an organism without fertilization.
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