Biology Mini-Test Revision #1

picture

ileum

affects of THINNESS on exchange surfaces

reduced diffusion distance, thus accelerating the rate of diffusion across surface.

affects of MOISTURE on exchange surfaces

ensures gases can dissolve (in the liquid) and can pass through the semi-permeable membrane.

affects of LARGE SURFACE AREA on exchange surfaces

increases the rate of diffusion by expanding the area that molecules are able to move around

cells in tissues

are generally similar in both function, and structure

1st statement of cell theory

all organisms are comprised of cells

2nd statement of cell theory

all cells are derived from pre-existing cells

lysosome function

exclusive to animal cells, breaks down and decomposes waste using enzymes referred to as ‘hydrolases’.

bronchi

main passage way carrying oxygen from the trachea to the bronchioles. (big tube)

bronchioles

secondary pathway breaking off from the bronchi to deliver oxygen to each individual alveoli

gas exchange

respiratory system converts oxygen into carbon dioxide

alveoli

minuscule sacks of air contained within the lungs, perform as the primary site of gas exchange

physical digestion

does not alter the chemical structure/composition of food; involves the mechanical breakdown of food

examples of physical digestion

chewing and swallowing

chemical digestion

alters the chemical structure/composition of food, by using digestive secretions to breakdown complex molecules

examples of chemical digestion

protein macronutrients are broken down into amino acids (takes place ion small intestine)

ileum

responsible for the absorption of nutrients contained in food

lacteal

specialised lymphatic capillaries essential for absorbing, and transporting lipids, other nutrients and antigen related molecules

blood vessels

delivers oxygen, and micronutrients to the rest of the body’s cells, as well as carrying out the removal of wasted byproducts

wasted byproducts removed by blood vessels

carbon dioxide

components of digestive system

mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

components of respiratory system

lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, diaphragm, voice box, throat, nose/mouth

cell wall

outermost barrier of plant cell

inner barrier of plant cell

cell membrane

lysosomes

membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes responsible for breaking down biological polymers

biological polymers broken down by lysosomes

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids