glycolysis

glycolysis payoff is

2 atp, 2, nadh, and 2 pyruvate

Basic glucose to pyruvate formula

glucose+2NAD=2 pyruvate+2NADH+2H

Free energy of glucose to pyruvate

-146kj/mol

free energy of formation of ATP

61kJ/mol

basic formula of formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

2ADP+2Pi=2ATP+2H2O

glycolysis is

reversible

oxidative reactions in citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are

aerobic

reduction to lactate and reduction to ethanol are examples of

anaerobic

phosphoryl groups

prevent intermediates from leaving cell and lower the activation energy and increases specificity of enzymatic reactions

how many molecules of atp are used to activate glucose to fructose 1,6 biphosphate

2

what bonds are broken up in fructose biphosphate to yield 2 molecules of triose phosphate

C-3 and C-4

What does fructose biphosphate yield when its bonds between C3 and C4 are broken

triose phosphate

activates glucose by phosphoryalting at C6 to yield glucose 6 phosphate

hexokinase

hexokinase requires what molcule to phosphorylate

Mg

phosphoryaltion of glucose is

irreversible

enzyme responsbile for coversion of glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

phosphohexose isomerase

uses enediol intermediate

Conversion of Glucose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate

Conversion of Glucose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate

reversible

catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to fructose 6-phosphate to yield fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

PFK-1

Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate is

irreversible

glucose when phosphorylated by hexokinase creates

glucose 6 phosphate

Glucose 6 phosphate is turned into __________ by phosphohexose isomerase

Fructose 6 phosphate

Conversion of Glucose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate

reversible

Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phosphate is converted to_________ done by PFK-1

fructose bisphosphate

What molecule is the phosphroyl donor

ATP

ATP is used in what 2 steps?

Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate and Phosphorylation of Glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

enzyme that catalyzes a reverse aldol condensation to cleave fructose biphosphate

aldolase

What 2 molcules are fructose biphosphate cleaved into

DHAP and G3P

enzyme responsible for converting DHAP to G3P

triose phosphate isomerase

G3P undergoes oxidation at what carbon

C1

Some energy from the oxidation reaction is converted into

1 NADH and 2 ATP per triose phosphate oxidized

G3P is converted into________ by G3P dehydrogenase

biphosphoplycerate

G3P dehydrogenase

oxidizes G3P to biphosphoglycerate

at what carbon is the acyl phosphate group in bisphosphoglycerate

C1

The formation of acyl phosphate groups

conseveres the free energy of oxidation

enzyme responsible for the phosphoryl tranfer from biphoshoglycerate to ADP

phosphoglycerate kinase

transfer of the the high-energy phosphoryl group from the carboxyl group of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP forms

ATP and 3 phosphoglycerate

substrate-level phosphorylation

the formation of ATP by phosphoryl group transfer from a substrate

Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-Phosphoglycerate is done by what enzyme

phosphoglycerate mutase

phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes a reversible shift of the phosphoryl group between

C2 and C3

enzyme responsible for Dehydration of 2-Phosphoglycerate to PEP

enolase

2 phosphosglycerate is dehydrated to

PEP

What cofactor molcule is used to dehydrate to PEP

Mg

pyruvate kinase

catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, yielding pyruvate

Phosphoenolpyruvate is phosphrylated to produce what 2 products

ATP and pyruvate

what cofactor molecule is used for pyruvate kinase

K, Mg, and Mn

What steps are irreversible

hexokinase, PFK1, pyruvate kinase

net glycoslysis equation

glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2P =2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

why can steps 4 and 5 keep moving forward despite being unfavorable

upon cleavage 95% DHAP and 5% G3P but G3P is constantly consumed so DHAP gets constantly converted to G3P

glucose phosphroylase

· glycogen phosphorylase =catalyzes phosphorolytic cleavage at the nonreducing ends of glycogen chains- requires pyridoxal phosphate- acts repetitively until it reaches a point four residues away from a (a1->6) branch point

debranching enzyme

transfers branches onto main chains and releases the residue at the (a1-6) branch as free glucose

phosphoglucomutase

catalyzes the reversible reaction glucose 1-phosphate=== glucose 6-phosphate- so glucose 6-phosphate can continue through glycolysis or enter another pathway

mutase

enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one position to another in the same molecule

a amylase

salivary and small intestine enzyme that hydrolyzes the internal a1-4 glycosidic linkages of starch and glycogen producing di and triaccharides

pancreatic a-amylase yields

mainly maltose, maltotriose, and limit dextrins (fragments of amylopectin containing (a1- 6) branch points, which are removed by limit dextrinases)

dextrin+nH2O

n glucose

Maltose+H2O

2 glucose

Lactose+H2O

galactose+ glucose

Surcose+H2O

fructose+glucose

Trehalose+H2O

2 glucose

Cellulase

attacks B1-4 glycosidc bonds of cellulose

hexokinase does what to fructose

phosphorylates fructose in small intestine to fructose 6 phosphate

fructose kinase occurs where?

in liver

from fructose pathway fructose 1 phosphate aldolase cleaves fructose into??

DHAP and glyceraldehyde

How does glyceraldehyde turn into G3P

triose kinase

hexokinase phosphorylates mannose at what carbon to mannose 6 phosphate

C6

Converts mannose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

phophohexose isomerase