Periodic trends stack

the column down a periodic table is called a

group

the row across the periodic table is called a

period

what do all atoms of the same group have in common?

they all have the same number of valence electrons

what do all atoms of the same period have in common?

they have the same amount of electron shells

locate the alkali metals group on the periodic table

*EXCLUDES HYDROGEN

locate the alkaline earth metals on the periodic table

locate the transition metals on the periodic table

locate the metalloids on the periodic table

locate the halogens on the periodic table

locate the noble gases on the periodic table

which periodic group has the trait of multiple oxidation states?

transition metals

why is it that an atom can have multiple oxidation states?

it has several electrons with similar energies - very easy to have different amounts of electrons interact

true or false - all the transition metals have colour

false - row 4 transition metals are colourless (the rest do have colour)

locate the inner transition metals on the periodic table

what is the difference between valence electrons of a transition metal and an inner transition metal?

transition metal

• VE in outermost D orbital

inner transition metal

• VE in inner F orbital

locate separately, the lanthanides and actinides on the periodic table

ll

list all the diatomic atoms

HAVE NO FEAR OF ICE COLD BEER

• hydrogen

• nitrogen

• fluorine

• oxygen

• iodine

• chlorine

• bromine

list the 6 common properties of metals

• malleable and lustrous

• good conductor of electricity and heat

• form basic oxides

• form cations via loss of electrons

• solid at room temperature *exception of mercury

• High melting and boiling points

list the 6 common properties of non-metals

• brittle and dull

• poor conductor of electricity and heat

• forms acidic oxides

• forms anions via gaining electrons

• gas/solid at room temp

  *exception of bromine

• low melting and boiling points

explain the atomic radius trend on the periodic table and the cause for the trend

• R decreases from left to right

  • as you go left, there are more protons to pull the electrons closer in

• R increases from top to bottom

  • as you go down there are more electron shells

what is effective nuclear charge?

the amount of positive charge experienced by an electron

what is the formula for effective nuclear charge? (Z_eff)

describe the nuclear charge trend on the periodic table

• increases from left to right

• decrease from top to bottom

  • REVERSE FROM ATOMIC RADIUS

what does it mean when 2 atoms are isoelectric?

they have an identical number of electrons, while having a different number of protons

what is ionization energy/ionization potential?

the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom

describe the ionization energy trend on the periodic table

• Increases from left to right

• decreases from top to bottom

what is the trend for 2nd, 3rd, 4th etc ionization energies of an atom?

as the number of ionization energies increases, the energy needed to remove the electron does too

why are group 15 and alkaline earth elements an exception to the ionization energy rules?

• group 15 - half filled orbitals are more stable than non half or full orbitals

• alkaline earth metals - have full orbitals

define electron affinity

the amount of energy released when an electron is added to an atom

describe the electron affinity trend on the periodic table

• increases from left to right

• decreases from top to bottom

what is the exception to the electron affinity trend?

• of the same period, an atom missing one electron to fill/half-fill an octet will have a higher affinity than the atom with an already filled/half-filled octet

what periodic group has a negligible electron affinity? why?

noble gases - complete valence shells

define electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond

describe the electronegativity trend on the periodic table

• increases from left to right

• decreases from top to bottom

what is the directionality of the metallic character trend?

• decreases from left to right

• increases from top to bottom

what is the directionality of the non-metallic character trend?

• increases from left to right

• decreases from top to bottom