PATHO - Transfusion Medicine 1

Transfusion Medicine

What branch of hematology deals with the transfusion of blood and blood components?

Treatment and prevention of disease

What is the main goal of transfusion medicine?

1665

When was the first recorded blood transfusion performed?

British physician

Who performed the first successful blood transfusion in dogs?

Blood groups

What discovery made blood compatibility understood?

Karl Landsteiner

Who discovered blood groups?

Anticoagulants and refrigeration

What discovery allowed blood storage for longer periods?

Second World War

Which war accelerated the development of transfusion services?

Dog

What animal was first used in transfusion experiments?

Animal blood

What type of blood was initially used for human transfusions?

Lack of compatibility understanding

What was the key limitation of early transfusions before Landsteiner’s discovery?

Refrigeration

What technological advancement improved blood preservation?

Karl Landsteiner

Who is credited for understanding blood compatibility?

Replace lost components

What is the main purpose of blood transfusion?

Oxygen-carrying capacity

What does transfusion restore in anemia?

Hemostatic components

What does transfusion restore in coagulopathy?

Circulating volume

What does transfusion restore after severe bleeding?

Anticoagulant

What is added to collected blood to prevent coagulation?

Acid Citrate Dextrose

What is the full name of ACD?

21 days

What is the shelf life of ACD-preserved blood?

Citrate Phosphate Dextrose

What is the full name of CPD?

Citrate Phosphate Dextrose with Adenine

What is the full name of CPDA-1?

35 days

What is the shelf life of CPDA-1 preserved blood?

42 days

What is the shelf life of RBCs with Adsol additives?

Mannitol

What component in Adsol provides osmotic protection?

Dextrose

What sugar component in Adsol provides energy?

Adenine

What nucleotide in Adsol promotes ATP formation?

Saline

What ion in Adsol helps maintain isotonicity?

Increases

What happens to potassium during blood storage?

Increases

What happens to hemoglobin during storage?

Decreases

What happens to pH during storage?

Decreases

What happens to ATP levels during storage?

Decreases

What happens to 2,3-DPG during storage?

Decreases

What happens to sodium concentration during storage?

Plasma, RBC, platelets

What are the three main components of whole blood?

Centrifugation

What process separates blood components?

Packed RBC and plasma

What is produced from 1 unit of whole blood?

Platelet-poor plasma

What plasma type has low platelet content?

Platelet-rich plasma

What plasma type has high platelet content?

Platelet-rich plasma

What does PRP stand for?

Platelet-poor plasm

What does PPP stand for?

Component therapy

What therapy gives only the needed blood portion?

Specific replacement

What is one advantage of component therapy over whole blood?

Circulatory overload

What risk is reduced by component therapy?

Blood supply utilization

What is maximized through component therapy?

Red cells, platelets, plasma

What are the three major types of blood products?

Component therapy

What term refers to whole blood separated into components?

Oxygen transport

What are red cell containing products used for?

Clot formation

What are platelet concentrates used for?

Coagulation support

What is plasma mainly used for?

RBC, plasma, WBC, platelets

What does whole blood contain?

520 mL

What is the total volume of 1 unit of whole blood?

1-6degC

What is the storage temperature of whole blood?

35 days

What is the shelf life of whole blood with CPDA-1?

Active bleeding with >25% loss

What is the indication for whole blood transfusion?

1 g/dL

What is the hemoglobin increase after 1 unit of whole blood?

3%

What is the hematocrit increase after 1 unit of whole blood?

Hypervolemia

What adverse effect results from excess volume in CHF patients?

Factor V and Factor VIII

Which factors decrease in stored whole blood?

Potassium

What ion increases dangerously in renal patients after whole blood?

Citrate

What compound accumulation causes hypocalcemia?

Three-fourths

How much plasma is removed from fresh blood to make pRBC?

260 mL

What is the volume of 1 unit of packed RBC?

Anemic with CHF

What patients benefit most from packed RBCs?

1-6degC

What temperature should packed RBCs be stored at?

Less volume overload

What is one advantage of packed RBCs?

Slow

What should be the infusion rate of packed RBCs?

Up to 99%

What percentage of WBC is removed in washed RBCs?

0.9% Normal Saline

What solution is used to wash RBCs?

24 hours

What is the shelf life after washing?

Repeated febrile reactions

What is the main indication for washed RBC?

Reduced WBC reactions

What is the main advantage of washed RBCs?

Time-consuming

What is the disadvantage of washed RBC preparation?

Filtered blood

What is another name for leukocyte-poor blood?

Glycerol

What additive prevents ice crystal formation?

-65degC

What is the storage temperature for frozen RBCs?

10 years

What is the shelf life of frozen RBCs?

24 hours

What is the storage time after thawing frozen RBCs?

Rare blood types

What is one indication for frozen RBC use?

Autologous transfusion

What is another indication for frozen RBCs?

Long storage

What is the main advantage of frozen RBCs?

Costly preparation

What is a disadvantage of frozen RBCs?

Gamma rays

What rays are used to irradiate RBCs?

Graft-versus-host disease

What reaction does irradiation prevent?

Immunocompromised patients

What patients require irradiated RBCs?

Autologous or allogenic graft

What is one indication involving bone marrow grafts?

Severe immunodeficiency

What congenital condition requires irradiated RBCs?

First-degree relative

What relationship donor should have irradiated blood?

50 mL

How much plasma is in a platelet concentrate?

8 hours

Within how many hours should platelet concentrate be prepared?

5 days

What is the shelf life of platelet concentrates?

20-24degC

What is the storage temperature of platelet concentrates?

Platelet rotator

What device maintains platelet viability?

Thrombocytopenia

What is the main indication for platelet transfusion?

<75,000/mm3

What platelet count threshold indicates transfusion?

+4,000/mm3

How much does 1 unit increase platelet count in adults?

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

What are platelet transfusions ineffective for?

40 days

What is the shelf life of stored plasma?

1-6degC

What is its storage temperature?

Coagulation defects

What is the indication for stored plasma?