APUSH UNIT 1 ULTIMATE REVIEW

Native Cultures were diverse

• the indigenous groups that populated the Americas were very different from each other in language, culture, customs, and economics

• groups lived in nomadic hunter-gatherer bands, massive cities or semi-permanent settlements

• geography played a significant role in native differences

• along with cultivation of maize determined whether indigenous groups moved around in small groups or clumped into larger settlements

Effects of maize cultivation

1) Economic development

• trade networks developed between societies

2) permanent settlements

• agriculture requires staying in one place

3) advanced irrigation techniques

• good irrigation = more crops

• more crops= more people

4) Social diversification

• as a settlement becomes bigger and more complex, labor becomes more specialized and social hierarchies from

• some people become more important than others

Great basin & Great plains

hot/dry climate, nomadic, small societies that live far apart from each other

• ex: Ute people (great basin) lived in groups of 20-100 and moved throughout the region on a seasonal basis while living in mobile shelters like animal skin tepee. - men hunted while woman gathered

East Coast: Mississippian, Northeast, Atlantic coast

much larger and complex societies than hunter-gatherer groups because their environment was much better for farming.

• ex: Hopewell (Mississippian)- rich soil, large societies with 4-6k population, traveled via rivers, social hierarchy, mound builders

• ex: Iroquois (northeast)- semi-sedentary, used timber to build long houses, Iroquois confederacy

• Ex: Cherokee- maize, beans, squash, agricultural society, semi-sedentary, men hunted, women tended crops, matrilineal

Pacific coast

2 distinct regions, did not practice agriculture, hunter/gatherers, built permanent settlements, abundance of food from oceans

Motivations for Exploration

Gold: European countries were seeking new sources of wealth such as gold and silver. The goal of mercantilism economy was to get as much gold and silver and in order to do this a country needed more exports than imports, thus European states established colonies to get more gold and raw materials. Moreover, Europeans demanded luxury goods from Asia such as Eastern porcelain, spice, and tea. However, since the ottomans controlled the land routes to those luxury goods, it became a motivation for Europeans to instead find a sea routes to Asia.

God: Wanted to spread Christianity to new territories for example Spain. Competition of Protestantism vs Catholicism.

Glory: European states were in competition with one another in terms of power and empire. Wanted balance of power in their favor.

Colombian exchange

Refers to the exchange of plants, animals,and diseases between the old world and new world following Christopher Columbus arrival in the Americas in 1492.

Old world:

• introduction of maize, potatoes and tomatoes led to improved diets and thus population growth

• gold and silver which led to increased power and wealth

New World:

• new animals such as horses and cattle which transformed native American societies and allowed for more efficient agriculture

• new technologies such as guns and iron tools which gave Europeans a military advantage over native Americans

• new diseases such as small pox which devastated native American populations by 90%

Effects of Colombian exchange

Americas: subjugation of people casta system, encomienda system

Causes of Slave trade

• due to the establishment of plantation economies in the colonies of the new world

• after European powers took as much gold and silver as possible they realized that the Atlantic islands were hospitable for growing crops for export. Plantations grew cash crops such as Tobacco, sugarcane, and coffee. European states became incredibly wealthy

• However, considering the native American population was dying out due to European diseases and many knew how to escape the Plantations the Europeans needed a new labor force thus African Americans.

Effects of slave trade

• demand for slave trade increased with growth of plantations and as other European powers joined the trade

• brutal middle passage

• depopulation of Africa

Europe stabilizes

• 1200-1450 Europe was decentralized/weak as population tanked due to black plague and little ice age

• century before this period starts:

- climate warmed

- improved agricultural productivity —> more food = more people

- Renaissance: europeans began to use gunpowder, sailing compass, improvement in shipbuilding/map making and invention of printing press

-new social classes —> demand for luxury goods

-political unification: rise of nations states

Catholic victory in Spain

• in 8th century Islamic invaders from North Africa known as moors, rapidly conquered most of Spain

• over the next several centuries, Spanish Christians reconquered much of the of the land and set up 7 independent kingdoms

• 2 of the largest kingdoms united when Isabella and Ferdinand married in 1469

• under their leadership they conquered the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, the city of Granada and funded Christopher Columbus voyage

• signal of new leadership and hope for those who followed the Roman Catholic faith

Protestant Reformation

• In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome.

• religious wars (domestic problems)

• Portugal/Spain (Catholic) vs Holland/England (Protestant)

Portugal

• Henry the navigator opened up a long sea route around South Africa’s Cape of good hope

• in 1498, Vasco De Gama reached India via this route

• 15th century, the Portuguese began trading for enslaved people from West Africa to work on sugar plantations off the African coast

• Portuguese established a trading post empire and dominated Indian ocean trade in the 16th century

Spain

• commissioned Christopher Columbus but he ended up finding the Americas, So, Spain claimed much of the Caribbean, central, south and North of America.

• introduction of European diseases allowed them to create a huge empire

France

• Didn’t immediately get into exploration due to European wars and religious conflict

• claimed parts of North America and Canada.

• interested in trade not colonies

• got into fur trade

England

• didn’t immediately get into exploration due to protestant Reformation and distant affairs

• settler colonies

• claimed North America and Caribbean

Developing a nation state

nation state: majority of people share both a common culture and common loyalty to a central government

• small kingdoms were uniting into larger ones (Isabella and Ferdinand)

• enormous multi-ethnic empires such as the holy Roman empire in central Europe was beginning to break up

Treaty of tortillas

• the Rivalry between Spain and Portugal over control of the Americans led to the treaty of tortillas in 1494, which divided the new world between the 2 powers.

• Portugal = east, Spain = west

• Portugal = Brazil, Spain= rest of the Americas