NDA TBL 1 Chunk 7 The Risk Factors_ Pathogenesis and Histopathology of Oesophageal Carcinoma

Which statement best defines oesophageal cancer as described in the text?

A malignancy of the oesophageal mucosa with a high death rate and poor five-year survival

What is the approximate five-year survival rate for oesophageal cancer according to the text?

About 18% survival after five years of diagnosis

Which statement correctly compares the two major subtypes of oesophageal cancer?

Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma together account for more than 95% of cases

Which geographical pattern of oesophageal cancer distribution is correct?

Squamous cell carcinoma is most common worldwide, especially in Asian and Eastern regions

Achalasia increases the risk of which oesophageal cancer subtype?

Squamous cell carcinoma by approximately ten times

Which set of risk factors is most strongly associated with squamous cell carcinoma?

Alcohol intake, high-starch diet, polycyclic hydrocarbons

Plummer–Vinson syndrome consists of which triad?

Dysphagia, iron deficiency anaemia, oesophageal webs

Which statement best describes tylosis as a cancer risk factor?

An autosomal dominant condition causing palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis

Which of the following correctly describes adenocarcinoma risk?

It is strongly linked to Barrett’s oesophagus and longstanding reflux disease

Invasive squamous cell carcinoma typically shows which histological feature?

Keratin pearls with individual cell keratinisation

Which definition of dysplasia is correct?

Abnormal cell development within tissues that may progress to cancer

What distinguishes squamous carcinoma in situ from invasive squamous carcinoma?

In situ disease involves full epithelial thickness without lamina propria invasion

Which mutation is commonly seen early in the pathway to oesophageal adenocarcinoma?

TP53 tumour-suppressor gene mutation

Which description best defines Barrett’s oesophagus?

Replacement of squamous epithelium by columnar mucosa with goblet cells

Which best describes low-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus?

Atypical cells present within less than half the epithelial thickness

Which region of the oesophagus is most commonly affected by squamous cell carcinoma?

Middle third predominance

Which region is most commonly affected by adenocarcinoma?

Distal third, often involving the gastric cardia

Which architectural change is typical of adenocarcinoma development?

Distortion and crowding of mucosal glands

Which cytological change is commonly seen in both SCC and adenocarcinoma?

Nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

Which statement best summarises the progression to adenocarcinoma?

Reflux → glandular metaplasia → dysplasia → intramucosal carcinoma