Social 30 Unit 2 PART 2-Rejections of Liberalism

reactionaries

extremists who not only oppose change, but generally would like to turn the clock back to the way things were before

radicals

Those who favor extreme change

Great Man Theory

The idea that history is set in motion by the actions of people in power or who have new ideas.

Some people are born to be great leaders, others are not.

Crisis Theory

The idea that throughout history extreme events lead to the rise of powerful leaders.

Tyranny

Suppression of the rights and liberties of a minority by the majority.

Oligarchy

a system of government in which a small group holds power

Junta

a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power

Coup d'Etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

indoctrination

teaching someone to accept an idea or principle without question

scapegoating

blaming an innocent person or a group for one's own troubles

propaganda

information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause

force & terror

The use of terror and intimidation to coerce citizens into accepting a certain set of beliefs.

controlled participation

Forcing the citizens of a nation to participate in rallies and parades to support a regime or to vote in one-sided elections

Nazism

an extreme form of fascism shaped by Hitler's fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

imperialism

a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries

ultranationalism

intense form of nationalism, which is a strong feeling of pride and loyalty to your country

racism

any action, practice, or belief that reflects the ideology that some races are innately superior to others

absolute monarchy

a system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

nationalization

changing something from private to state ownership or control

socialism

An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

communism

form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole

Bolsheviks

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

gulags

harsh Soviet labor camps often located in Siberia

concentration camps

prison camps established by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party for Jews and other political prisoners during the war.

censorship

restricting access to ideas and information

5 year plans

Stalin's plans to build up Russia's military and industry. Plans were created by GOSPLAN

NKVD

Stalin's secret police

Cheka

secret police, formed by Lenin

The "Great Terror" (or Great Purge)

As an effort to remove all enemies of Stalin, it murdered approximately a million people and deported another million to labor camps.

Totalitarianism

government control over every aspect of public and private life

Weimar Republic

The democratic government that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933.

Night of the Long Knives

The night that Hitler ordered Gestapo to assassin or capture the SA leaders in order to gain more power

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

SA (Sturmabteilung) ("Storm Troopers")

Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS after 1943 (aka 'brownshirts'

Gestapo

the secret state police in Nazi Germany

Hitler Youth/League of German Maidens

These organizations were established by Hitler in an attempt to indoctrinate German youth so that broad resistance could not develop.

public works programs

local governments created jobs that would employ people and provide public services (build roads etc)

Nuremberg Laws

A group of laws that robbed German Jews of their citizenship in 1935

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Das Kapital

a book written by Karl Marx (1867) describing his economic theories

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator

Dissent

the political act of disagreeing; the right to disagree. Sometimes dissent takes the form of popularly organized opposition to a tradition or an official policy or statute

Fuhrer

'leader'; Adolf Hitler's title as chancellor and head of state in Germany.

Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling Act

acts passed by the Nazis that allowed them to restrict liberal rights, privacy rights, eliminate need for warrants, pass legislation without approval of Reichstag (elected body), and ban all parties other than the Nazi Party

SS (Schutzstaffel)

an elite military unit of the Nazi party that served as Hitler's bodyguard and as a special police force; responsible for administration of Nazi concentration and extermination camps

Hyperinflation of 1923

Event caused by the Weimar Government printing more money to deal with the economic crisis in Germany. Caused German money to be worthless.

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by Russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

Kulaks

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class. Opposed collectivization; victims of scapegoating by Stalin.

Fascism

an extreme, right-wing, anti-democratic nationalist movement which led to totalitarian forms of governments in Germany and Italy from the 1920s to the 1940s

Dissidents

People who speak out against the government

Dictatorship of the Proletariat

In the first stage of communism in Marxist thought, characterized by absolute rule by workers as a class over all other classes

Holodomor

a man-made famine-genocide in which the USSR starved the people of Ukraine; killed millions

Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Politburo

ruling elite of the Communist Party

Marxism

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; radical form of socialism;

Methods of Manipulation

Techniques used by authoritarian states to exercise power and control over their people