Cellular Adaptation and Injury Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts of cellular adaptation, injury, calcification, hypoxia, and cell death from the lecture notes.

Cellular adaptation

Changes cells make to adjust to stress.

Atrophy

A decrease in cell size.

Hypertrophy

An increase in cell size.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells.

Metaplasia

One mature cell type changes into another mature cell type.

Dysplasia

Abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization.

Maladaptation

A harmful or unsuccessful response to stress.

Dystrophic calcification

Calcium buildup in damaged or dead tissue.

Metastatic calcification

Calcium buildup in normal tissues due to high calcium levels in the blood.

Reversible cell injury

Cell damage that can be repaired if the cause is removed.

Irreversible cell injury

Cell damage that cannot be repaired and leads to cell death.

Hypoxia

Not enough oxygen reaching the cells or tissues.

Ischemia

Decreased blood flow to a tissue, causing decreased oxygen.

Free radical injury

Cell damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Reactive oxygen-containing molecules that can damage cells.

Oxidative stress

Cell damage that occurs when there are too many free radicals and not enough antioxidants.

Necrosis

Uncontrolled cell death caused by injury.

Infarction

Tissue death caused by loss of blood supply.

Apoptosis

Programmed and controlled cell death.

Lead toxicity

Damage to the body caused by too much lead exposure.

Gangrene

Death of a large portion of tissue

Eschar

Black/dry necrotic tissue