ANSC 102 Poultry

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What are the major commercial breeds of the duck industry

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1

What are the major commercial breeds of the duck industry

Pekin, Muscovey, Pekin X Muscovy (mule)

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2

Grow out

meat ducks

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3

developers

younglings to become breeders

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4

Breeders

hens and drakes

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5

How many hens should you have per drake

no more than 5

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6

Incubation period for ducks

28 days Pekin, 35 days Muscovey, 25-29 days mallard

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7

Housing for ducks

curtain sided barns predominate, pine shavings/straw/plastic slatted, supplemental lighting

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8

Which form of suplemental lighting do ducks prefer

kerosene lanterns

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9

How long during the day is supplemental lighting typically provided to ducks

18-24 hours

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10

Water sources for ducks

nipple lines, water troughs, showers, cup drinkers

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11

What is a main challenge in providing water to ducks

They will get into and produce waste, which increases risk for disease

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12

What are some challenges we face in raising ducks

lameness, lighting, flip overs, biosecurity, water sources, fatigue

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13

What are the major commerical breeds in the layer industry

white leghorn hybrid, brown hyline/lohmann brown, galliformes phasianidae Gallus gallus

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14

What determines egg color

earlobe color

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15

Pullets

young females

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16

When do pullets become hens

after 16 weeks

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17

What are the different types of cage-free

enriched cages, barn/open field, aviary

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18

Breeders in the layer industry

genetic sleection for egg number, quality, egg size, body weight uniformity,, feed conversation rate

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19

What happens to process breeders

sexed, vaccinated, beak and toe trimmed

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20

Conventional cages layer industry

used up until about 2005, genetic selection for poultry to live in cages

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21

What are some advantages of conventional cages

improved livability, more disease free, less stress with smaller groups, less bacteria = cleaner eggs, improved economics

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22

What are some disadvantages of conventional cages

no expression of behavior, poor skeletal health, poor feathering, overgrown claws, more susceptible to heat stress

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23

Enriched cages

includes environmental enrichment, perches, stratching pads, dust baths, next boxes

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24

Advtanges of enriched cages

allows for some natural behaviors

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25

disadvantages of enriched cages

malfunctions of elements led to injury, still a cage, public hates

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26

Barn (2D)/Aviary (3D) advantages

more apparent space, environmental enirchment, nest boxes, improved skeleton (not really), allows for escape from pecking

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27

Disadvantages of barns/aviary

grouping on floor, foot pecking, bullying, egg cannibalism, mislaid eggs, health and biosecurity issues, air quality issues with dust and ammonia

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28

challenges with layer industry

broken keel bones (from landing too hard of perches0, lighting, health and food safety, new unwanted behaviors, how hens utilize their resources and how to track hen behaviors, piling

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29

major commercial turkey breeds

whitey hybrid, broad brested white

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30

baby turkeys

poults or turkeylings

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31

heavy toms

turkey products

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32

thanksgiving turkeys

hens, 12-14 weeks

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33

turkey products

toms, 16-19 weeks

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34

incubation of turkeys

28 days, sexed, beak and toe trimmed, vaccinated

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35

housing types for turkeys

curtain sided or fully enclosed barns, pine shavings, supplemental lighting in seasonal breeders

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36

supplemental lighting for turkeys

bright for poults, decreasing light in grow out to help with cannablaism

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37

challenges with turkey industry

lameness, welfare, overcrowding, biosecurity, what do turkeys see, cannibalism in heavy toms

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38

major breeds in broiler industry

cornish/cornish rock

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39

conrish game gens

1-2 lbs, less than 5 weeks, either sex

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40

incubation of broierls

21 days, vaccinated, beak and toe trimmed

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41

broiler breeder

slow growing broilers, feed restricted

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42

housing types for broilers

fully enclosed, some curtain sided, modern led lighting, litter flooring

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43

challenges with broilers

lameness, lighting, biosecurity, feather pecking, cannibalism, high density, feeding schedules, woody breast (myofiber degeneration)

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44

How do bird perceive light in their environment

have photoreceptors - 4 different colors, double cones (possibly due to movement), and oil droplet organelle (to filter light before it hits photoreceptors), wavelength specific recptors and quanta activated recptors (particles of light, brightness) - overall can see so many different colors

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45

How important is vision for birds

very important - we know because one eye is half size of brain

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46

Wild bird communication

sing, call, show off flashes of color - communicate to mate

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47

Why is important to consider what birds see

need to know how they percieve environments like aviarys

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48

When measuring light for experiments with duck what must you consider

you need to measure at the height of the duck because distance affects how light is percieved, need to measure how light reflects/interacts with each object in the environment

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49

What are they looking for when measuring reflectance

How is light interacting with object (what is reflected, what is absorbed, what is refracted)

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50

Anatomy of poultry eye

cornea in front, lens, chamber of liquid (vitrous humor), retina; shape of eye matters, need to know where photorecptors are in retina and how many there are; what wavelengths are associated with oil droplets and relative density

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51

What do experiments about light tell us

if a bird can see an object and from what distance - visual acquity

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52

What did we learn about chickens viewing perches

They likely cannot tell how far away stainless steel perches are and cannot slow down in time

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53

Vision in domesticated vs wild poultry

domesticated ducks have vision shifted so they cannot see blue very well - when we select for breeding we are creating changes (could be genetic, diet, etc.)

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54

What do we need to look at in addition to vision

behavior

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55

What light do ducks prefer

red light compared to blue light

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56

Light perception in birds

have deep brain photoreceptors, how do light affect this

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57

Duck vocalizations

have very specific sounds depending on what is going on

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58

how many types of vocalizations do ducks have

19

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59

Does the number of vocalizations differ by duck sex

yes

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60

why are vocalizations important

socially (group composition) and environmentally (what is going on in their life) dependent, direct vocalizations impact conspecific physiology (information affects our physiology)

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61

Wild bird alarm calls

different based on environmnet - if there is a predator, predator in area, moting (rallying) call

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62

Why is understanding vocalizations important for production

can help us predict when ducks are unhappy immediately, get real time welfare assessments

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