1.13 Industrial Revolution in Europe

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22 Terms

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Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and when?
Great Britain around 1760
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What was the practical outcome of the Scientific Revolution that helped trigger the Industrial Revolution?
The invention and use of machines (mechanization)
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What kind of inventions revolutionized manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution?
Machines for spinning and weaving textiles, and the steam engine
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What provided the economic base for the Industrial Revolution?
Investment capital and the rise of the middle class
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What geographic and economic factors made England ideal for industrialization?
Established textile industry, global trade networks, coal and iron resources, and a supply of cheap labor
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What system replaced craft-based production during the Industrial Revolution?
The factory system
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How did the factory system change labor?
Labor became divided, repetitive, and low-skilled
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How were factory workers treated?
They were paid low wages, worked long hours, and endured unsafe conditions
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How did the Industrial Revolution affect cities?
It caused rapid urbanization as rural populations moved to cities for work
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Why did disease spread in industrial towns?
Overcrowding, poor housing, and lack of sanitation
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What economic system developed during the Industrial Revolution?
Modern capitalism
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How did modern capitalism emerge during the Industrial Revolution?
Profits became tied to manufacturing, reinvestment, and private ownership of production
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How did the Industrial Revolution affect social classes?
It created a sharp divide between those who owned property and those who don't
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What new class emerged due to the Industrial Revolution?
The middle class
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What did classical economists believe about government intervention in business?
They supported laissez-faire, or minimal government interference
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What did Thomas Malthus theorize?
That population growth would outpace food supply, leading to poverty and famine
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What is the significance of Thomas Malthus's theory?
It justified limiting support for the poor and influenced later economic policies
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What is revolutionary socialism?
A belief that capitalism must be overthrown through class struggle and revolution
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Who did revolutionary socialism say was in conflict?
The bourgeoisie (owners) vs. the proletariat (working class)
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What key text introduced revolutionary socialism?
The Communist Manifesto
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What was one major demographic shift caused by the Industrial Revolution?
A shift from rural living to urban factory-based life
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What role did mechanization play in the Industrial Revolution?
It drastically increased production and reduced the need for skilled labor