Functional Anatomy questions

5 muscles that make up the common calcaneal tendon

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, gracillis and SDFT

What is a retinaculum and where is it?

A band of thickened, deep fascia which is found around tendons to hold them in place

What are the 4 muscles that make up the quadriceps?

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius

What are the joints in the stifle?

Femoropatellar (plane)

Femorotibial (condylar)

Tibiofibular (plane)

What is the equine stay apparatus?

A series of muscles, ligaments and tendons in the thoracic and pelvic limbs that stabilise the limb in a standing or weight bearing position

What is the suspensory part of the stay apparatus?

Includes the interosseus, proximal sesamoid bones and the sesamoidean ligament

These prevent the fetlock from overextending

What is the stay apparatus in the pelvic limb?

Includes patella locking which is when the patella is lifted over the top of the prominent ridge of the medial trochlea of the femur

What is the reciprocal apparatus?

Made up if the tendinous muscles on either side of the tibia which ensures the stifle and hock moves as a unit, so if the stifle is lock then the hock is also immobile

Name an extrinsic muscle of the hip and its function?

Psoas major - flexes the hip and externally rotates the thigh

Name an intrinsic muscle of the hip and its function?

Gluteus medius - extends the hip and abducts the limb

Name an important tendon or ligament in the hip and explain its function?

Pubofemoral ligament - reinforces the anterior and inferior parts of the hip joint capsule

Name an extrinsic muscle of the horse/dog and its function?

Latissimus dorsi - lateral flexion of the back, shoulder flexion, retracts the limb and draws the trunk cranially

What does hypaxial mean?

It means something situated beneath an axis, usually the axis of the spinal column

What is the function of hypaxial muscles?

Respiration, locomotion and trunk movements

What is the function of carpal fibrocartilage?

Acts as a cushion for shock absorption and prevents hyperextension of the joint