Industrial Revolution

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

The need for increased production; The importance of agriculture; The location of Britain in which it was good for industrialization.

Agricultural Revolution

The British Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Free Trade

International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

James Hargreaves

James Hargreaves was a weaver, carpenter and inventor in Lancashire, England. He was one of three inventors responsible for mechanising spinning.

Edmund Cartwright

Edmund Cartwright was an English inventor. He graduated from Oxford University very early and went on to invent the power loom.

Spinning Jenny and Power Loom

The Spinning Jenny was machine for spinning with more than one spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves in 1770.

The Power Loom was a mechanized loom powered by a line shaft and alcohol; also one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution

British Property Laws

Urbanization

The process of making an area more urban.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Mechanization

Mechanization is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery. This is close related to the concept of transference of skill.

James Watt

A Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781.

Thus which is widely recognized for its advanced improvements.

Steam Engine

A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products.

Why was England the start place of the Industrial Revolution?

Coal; Fast and cheap transportation, a good central banking system, and canals; England was a small country thus which also made travel easy.

Improvements in Transportation

Canals were being used for steam boat transportation; Steam boats were advanced making transportation easier; Railroads were built also making transportation easier.

Reasons why people moves to cities

There was more technology there, and opportunity for jobs.

Zollverein

The customs union of German states in the 19th century.

Impact of Coal and Steam on the Industrial Revolution

Production increased.

George Stephenson

George Stephenson was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. Renowned as the "Father of Railways", Stephenson was considered by the Victorians a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement.

Impact of Railroads on the Industrial Revolution

Trade and transportation increased.

Tariffs

A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

Luddite

A member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs (1811-16).

Trade Unions

Another term for Labor Unions:

An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Strikes

A refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.

Reasons why Industrialization was discouraged

There were bad safety measures, poor working conditions, unreliable technology, violence between groups, pollution, abuse of children and women, protests, and strikes.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Upper Class

There was an increase in wealth and power, but it also forced them to start to share power with the Middle Class.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Middle Class

There were more voting rights, education, easier access to food, jobz, and more opportunity.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Lower Class

There was more factory work, poor living conditions, poor working conditions, and few rights.

Slums

A squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people.

1832 Reform Act

A law which changed the British electoral system in which those who were property owners could vote (about 20%).

Factory Acts

An Act passed to improve conditions for children working in factories.

The basic act was as follows: no child workers under nine years of age.

Mines Acts

An act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting all girls and boys under ten years old from working underground in coal mines.

Chartists

Those who supported Chartism.

Chartism

A British working-class movement for parliamentary reform named after the People's Charter, a bill drafted by the London radical William Lovett in May 1838. It contained six demands: universal manhood suffrage, equal electoral districts, vote by ballot, annually elected Parliaments, payment of members of Parliament, and abolition of the property qualifications for membership.

Universal Suffrage

Not having the right to vote.

Marxism

The political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism.

Reasons for Population Growth in the Industrial Revolution

Trade of food increased, thus increasing population.

As well, more families started moving into cities thus increasing population there.

Colonization

The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

Investment

The action or process of investing money for profit or material result.