Anatomy & Physiology Exam

30 questions from class

What provides a basic energy source for speech?

• respiration is the force behind speech production and provides energy for oral communication

• air pressure

• lungs/diaphragm

Muscles are contractile by nature: T/F?

True - muscular tissue is contractile

What’s the most important function of the larynx?

protects us from foreign objects

• coughing

• throat cleaning

• abdominal fixation

What are the different kinds of tissue?

1. epithelial - outer layer, covers surfaces of the body/cavities/pathways ex: esophagus, vocal cords

2. connective - binding, binds/supports tissues + organs

   1. areolar - loose supportive tissue ex: lymphoid

   2. fibrous - tendons + ligaments

   3. cartilage - firm + flexible, smooth + elastic types ex: pinna, epiglottis

   4. blood - plasma, blood cells

   5. bone - compact or spongy

3. muscular - contractile; skeletal/voluntary, smooth/involuntary (ex: lower esophagus), cardiac

4. nervous - communication highway, consists of neurons or nerve cells; transfers info between neurons, muscles

anatomical position

the body is erect, palms, arms, and hands face forward

axis

midline from which other structures arise; a pivoting point

axial skeleton

spinal cord is axis —> head and trunk pivot around the spinal cord

coronal

divides the body front to back

transverse

divides the body from upper and lower

median/sagittal

divides the body from right and left

superior

above or father from the ground

inferior

closer to the ground

prone

on the belly

supine

on the back

lateral

related to the side

midline

toward the middle

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

• central nervous system - brain, brain stem, spinal cord

• peripheral nervous system - nerves coming from the spinal cord

How many lumbar, thoracic, sacral, coccyx?

Cervical: 1-7

Thoracic: 1-12

Lumbar: 1-5

Sacral: 1-5 (5th fused)

Coccyx: 1-4 (4th fused)

Total: 33

What muscle elevates the sternum, clavicle, and helps with head rotation?

sternocleidomastoid muscle

What does the diaphragm do during inhalation and exhalation?

Inhalation: contracts - diaphragm pulled down by central tendon to create space for the lungs

Exhalation: relaxes - diaphragm reverts back to its original position while the lungs deflate

What is Boyle’s Law?

As pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa; P and V have an inverse relationship

What is the channel through which the spinal cord passes?

vertebral foramen; vertebral canal

What is the flexible tube that forms the first passage way to the lungs?

trachea: bifurcates into the main stem brochi to serve lungs at the carina

What is the relationship between the esophagus and trachea?

• Both are part of the respiratory passageway; the esophagus is posterior and parallel to the trachea

• both are part of the visceral thorax that connects the lungs with the external environment

In terms of the pressure in the lungs, what happens when the diaphragm relaxes and contracts?

Inhalation: contracts - Pressure decreases due to lungs expanding; increase in volume to the point of negative pressure in the lungs

Exhalation: relaxes - Pressure increases due to loss of volume by deflation of lungs and pushes air out of lungs

What is the basic function of the neuron?

specialized tissue for communicating information; dendrites receive, soma/axon send out

Which cartilage articulates with the thyroid cortical?

cricoid cartilage

What bone articulates with the thyroid cortical?

hyoid bone: loosely articulates with the superior cornu of the thyroid bone

What is the shape and function of the epiglottis?

leaf-like cartilage; protective structure during swallowing by blocking airway to prevent foreign items from entering windpipe/lungs

What is plasticity?

the ability of the brain to re-wire and re-shape itself

What is the time it takes to complete one cycle of vibrations?

period

How do we measure sound?

decibels (dB); intensity/amplitude of the wave

How many decibels is the normal range of hearing?

0 - 120/130 dB; hearing loss starts at  ~20 dB

What’s needed to sustain phonation?

• vocal folds held in a fixed position in the air stream maintenance of a laryngeal posture through tonic (sustained) contraction of the musculature

• 7-10 cm of water pressure (3-5 for vocal fold movement)

  • maintenance of pressure

  • flow

  • vocal fold approximation

• sufficient air pressure

What is an attack?

the start of phonation; adducting the vocal folds to move them into the air stream

What is the difference between ABduction and ADduction?

ABducted - moving away

ADducted - moving toward

Arytenoids move in what directions?

rock back + forth in 3 dimensions: rotating, rocking, and gliding

What are the different types of attacks?

1. simultaneous vocal attack - adduction and onset of respiration at the same time (voiced consonants)

2. breathy vocal attack - start significant airflow before adducting the vocal folds (voiceless consonants)

3. glottal attack - adduction of the vocal folds prior to airflow