GRST - Midterm Practice

Agonism

The primary social aspect; balanced relationships with competition in a social circle

Reciprocity

The transactional value in relationships: often a mutual exchange depending on the role of someone (harm = enemy / gift = friend)

Oikos

The family household. Formed like a tree; involved spouses, mother/father, children, etc

Polis

The city of people hooked together through different households. Citizens of a place.

Philoi/philia

Friends of someone. If they gave you something of value, you'd owe them gratitude and something in exchange.

Ekhthroi

Enemies of someone. If they harmed you or someone you'd consider close, you'd owe them harm in exchange.

Attike

The country in which Athens settled in.

Demos/demoi

Smaller sectors in Attike that make up villages, towns and cities. One who is born in a certain demos is inherited the name that their birth parents resided in their title.

Solon

Known as one of the wise men of Greece. Considered a statesman, held aristocratic control over government. Put less authority in those in higher valued families and provided a system that determined their role based on their earnings. Put a holt to Peisistratos' tryanny.

Aidos

The care of judgement (ex. you wish to be judged a certain way via winnings and successes).

Sophrosome

The ethical value that encourages those to make careful decisions; making good judgements, self-restraint, self-mindedness, etc

Sparte

The city state that opposed against Athens for the majority.

Doxe

The reputation of a person based on other's opinions about them.

Dike

The term that is used for 'justice'.

Nomos/nomoi

The term "the way that we do things". Laws, customs, observances and habits. It is the written thing of what is right.

Time

Honour.

Peitho

The term "persuasion".

Socrates

One of the greatest philosophers of our time. Loved winning through arguments and persuasion. Was charged with impeity.

Plato

Another prominent writer / philosopher. Was apart of the aristocratic families. A self-concealing writer that makes you think what's going on.

Crito

A great friend of a prominent philosopher. In a certain writing, was trying to convince them to escape jail and failed to do so due to the lack of argument and the failure of convincing them via law and social aspects of Greece.

430 - 426

The year that involved the plague; killed Perikles in 429, and almost collapsed the government.

404 - 403

The rule of the thirty tyrants happened in this year.

399

The year in which was the execution of Socrates.

Perikles' Citizenship Law (451)

The year and law that established that male hereditary was no longer the main dominant of citizenship: required both the biological mother and father to hold residency in Athens to be eligilble for citizenship.

The First Peloponnesian War (460 - 445)

The first conflict between Sparta and Athens. Connected to the tension between Athens' expansion and rivalries/alliances between the two powerhouses.

The Second Peloponnesian War (417 - 404)

The second conflict between Sparta and Athens. Connected with the alliance of Agros and Athens, to which Sparta confronted about after Athens trying to convince Agros to attack Epidarous- a Spartan ally.

The 400 Oligarchy (411)

The overthrow of the democratic government of Athens. Happened due to the alliance with Persia from Alkibiades and caused an up roaring of citizens to overthrow for a new government. Provoked due to the defeat in Sicily. Democracy restored after a year in power.

Peace of Nikias (421 - 417)

The peace in which ended the first period. Was set to last for fifty years, but didn't even last for 20% of the duration.

The Battle of Marathon

A conflict between the Persians and the Greeks after the revolt in Ionia- Athens being the main part of it. Athens came out victorous.

The Thirty Years' Peace

A peace that arose due to political involvements during the first conflict; agreed to follow this, but the peace was never completed to its entirety.

Aristophanes

A prominent poet that was considered good friends with a certain philosopher. Was regarded as the most established 'comedic writer' in their time.

'Clouds'

Set between 423 - 417. A writing based off of the accumulative debt of a character, and the goal to eliminate it centers around the wanting to verbally convince those who they owe debt to, to clear it entirely. Ends with the character burning down the school that they were taught at.

Strepsiades

The main character of a certain writing made by Aristophanes. A character that didn't want to follow the social values and wanted to get away with anything, including debt and law itself. In the end, burned down the school they attended and never cleared their debt.

Pheidippides

The son of the main character, in connection to the writing made by Aristophanes. Was invited to join the school and learn how to persuade in arguments, and ultimately shamed the main character by justifying 'beating their family', despite that being a crime to do in ancient Greece.

Ekklesia

The assembly of citizens that vote in court systems and contribute through debate and discussion. Held the most power, despite the roles of the government that made the decisions, due to their voice.

Chorus

Consisted for 12 to 50 men who would perform through dance, song, or any kind of performance. Mainly in theatre and/or celebration.

Sophists

Someone who is considered very skilled in a certain craft. Can be related to craftsmanship, weaponry, trade, agricultural aspects, etc.

Isonomia

The name of the government that citizens of Athens gave. Also known as 'democracy'.

Oligarchy

A government that held power in a small group of people, but also provided citizens some choice to recommend ideas for improvements/changes

Arkhon

The leading magistrates in ancient greece; made the most important decisions.

Boule

The assistances to leading magistrates in ancient greece. Considered a council towards these leaders.

Turannos

A person who powered outside from legal channels. Would stage violent coups against their opposition to hold the government for themselves.

Aristocratic

Middle class; between the wealthy and the ones suffering from poverty.

Peisistratos

A tyrant in ancient Greece that held rule and created the making of laws. Introduced Greek festivals and celebrations. Actively caused political unrest and violence. Their rule ended but fell back in hands after the rule of a certain someone. Died in 546.

Kleisthenes

The son of Peisistratos. Defined the most powerful rule of the government being the 'ekklesia' and transformed political organization from blood kin group affiliation to geographical location. Reformed the Athenian constitution.

Delian League

Known as the 'Athenian Empire'. A collection of states that aligned with one another and was established after the Persian Wars. Paid through wars and/or money if you wanted in this specific group.

Peloponnesian League

Dominated by Sparta and was affiliated with Greek alliances. Was the main rival during the Peloponnesian Wars and mainly a collection of city states.

Delos

The original location of the Delian League's treasury. Resided in the Aegean Sea. Also held sanctuarys dedicated to the god Apollo.

Imperialism

The extension of power of aligning governments through domination. Rose specifically during the period in which

Ostracism

A decision made by the ruling ekklesia that chased out people from Attike for over ten years. The ones banished can return after the period of those years end.

Kimon

A wealthy, aristocratic statesman who developed the Athenian empire from 476 - 460. Previously general of a certain league, but then ostracized for failure to conduct proper policy for naming his son based on their rivals' name.

Themistokles

The leading commander during the persisting the Persians. Suggested the focus of wealth, trade and warships to which would affect the preference and skill of war in the future.

Xerxes

The person who took over as King in replacement of the previous.

Dareios

The Great King of Persia; died and was replaced by someone else. Made repeated attempts to conquer Greece during his time as King, and ultimately died in 486.

Ionian Revolt

The spark that led to the invasion of Greece from the Persian Empire; the first conflict between Greece and Persia.

Helots

Enslaved people who were resided in the role due to massive amounts of debts established through their collection. However, couldn't be moved from one place to another, and weren't considered 'regular' slaves.

Lakedaimon

The settlement in which enslaved people resided in. Couldn't move from this location.

Alkibiades

An athenian general (strategois) that was accussed of mutilating Hermes prior to the Syracuse departure. Was chased out, came back to Athens, and was chased out again.

Hippokrates

The founding father of scientific medicine. Practically all prescibed medicine came from this person.

Nikias

A politician and general (strategos) who introduced the thirty year peace treaty. Killed during the Sicilian expedition.

Poseidon

God of the sea and earthquakes.

The Sicilian Expedition (415/3)

The year in which an expedition was conducted. Resulted in Athenians fleeing from the expedition as their fleet was destroyed, causing the death of Nikias and many others.

Hermes' Mutilation (415)

The event in which certain pieces of an important figure were scattered across Attike. Many blamed Alkibiades and ostracized him due to this event.

The Construction of Partheon (447-432)

The most expensive project. Built on the akropolis; contained all sorts of temples, buildings and such.

Strategos/strategoi

Military commanders/generals who were elected by the people. Influencers of state policy.

Thirty Tyrants (Oligarchs)

The coup in which Athens was dragged down into after the event of Sparte's win.

Thucydides

The person who wrote of the Peloponnesian War's history. Believed in discovering the truth and accuracy of the content.

Hubris

An act of violence/aggression. Main purpose was to degrade or humiliate an individual.

Metic

A non-Athenian citizen that resided in Athens.

Kurios

The head of the household; the head of his oikos. Responsible for economic wellbeing.

Agora

A gathering place: the market-place and/or civic centre of a city/town.

Women

A specific person who was isolated from the world and was valued through success in a man's life. Controlled by the leader of the household; held the only responsibilitg- that being catering for the house.

Primary Function of Marriage

The production of children being the focus of many families in order to establish support in the oikos and garner more citizens.

Greek Education

Provided only for men: focused on literary, literature and physical training. Only provided privately.

Plato's 'Crito'

A writing in which introduces two elderly men in persuasion: one argues to break him out of prison and in accepting death is betrayal to his family, children and himself- but the other argues that following suit would be betrayal to the law, which in theory, following the law since birth is labeled as 'family', therefore betrayal of the law is harming oneself.

Hoplites

Certain warriors who fought with shields, spears and/or swords with heavy armour. Gathered strength through unity and rank.

Plataia

An ally of Athens that was attacked by Thebans (Spartan allies). Suffered at the hands of the Spartans and their attack was the start of the Peloponnesian Wars' catastrophe.

Long Walls

The connection of Athens that played important roles in economic development and military strategy. Protected coverage between the city to the sea, allowing citizens to access the sea safely.

Lakonia

The land in which Sparte was located; on the farther side of the Peloponnesse.

The Aegean Sea

A place in which contained several islands, specifically Delos, Naxos, Paros, Melos, Spihnos, Amorgos, etc. Relied on for trade, exports, etc.

Naxos

Most prominent place for the wealthy and for trade; tried to leave the Delian League due to

Athene

The goddess of arts and crafts of war; patron of the Parthenon, as it was dedicated to her.

Samos

An ally of the Athens. Was considered the strongest ally, until in 440 it revolted against the city and was unfortunately crushed by the opposition through extreme cruelty.

demagogue

One that is known as a 'leader of the people'; a person who uses words to appeal to others through emotion and feeling. Gains power from people's prejudices.

Kleon

A politician and general during the Peloponnesian War. Inherited leadership after the death of Perikles in 429. Advocated for offensive strategies and was known for several successful captures. Was killed after refusing peace treaty with the Spartans in 425.

Demosthenes

A solider who took part in several key events, notably the signing of the 'Peace of Nikias' and the Sicilian Expedition. Killed after the defeat and flee from the Syracuse alongside another commander.

The Victory of the Peloponnesian War: Spartans

The winner of the Peloponnesian War. Demanded the Long Walls and their defences to be demolished, along with the recognition of their victory / leadership as they took control of Hellespont.

Hellespont

Athens' source of food at the time; flowed with goods. Sparta took control of this place and won the Peloponnesian War due to this feat.

Dorians

Citizens that resided in Sparte during the Greece-Persian periods of war.

Ionians

Citizens that viewed Athens are their main city during the Greece-Persian periods of war. Lived in Ionia.

423

The year of the first performance of Aristophanes' 'Clouds'.

447

Construction of the Partheon starts. Consists of several temples, and was done with the help of the Delian League's treasury money.

454

The year in which the Delian League was moved into Athens.

415

Both the mutilation of Hermes and the departure for the Sicilian expedition happened on this year. Alkibiades was also ostracized for being accused of the responsibility of mutilation.

411/10

The year in which Athens was overruled by an oligarchy called the Four Hundred. Due to financial crisis and weak decisions of leaders, citizens rose against and held a coup to replace them. Later on would democracy be restored.

416

Athens capture and destroy Melos. Threatened so if they didn't ally with them and went against the Spartans. As a result, they formed a wall around Melos and proceeded to starve them out. Executed all men and sold children and women into slavery.

460 - 446

The First Peloponnesia war happened.

What was Crito's argument?

That Socrates was being unjust, and that he was betraying his friends, family, and himself by letting his enemies get what he wants.

What is the cause of Strepsiades' overwhelming debt?

Pheidippides immense amounts of betting on horse racing. Fails to convince him to stop his betting.

What are some differences between Crito and Socrates?

Crito views as any other Athenian- while Socrates values only the opinion of the wise.