The renaissance in Italy

Petrarch

Father of humanism. criticized law and religion for their scholasticism; writings convey contradictory attitudes of the Renaissance. Made literature a calling

Pico della Mirandola

________: Looked for aspects of truth not revealed in scripture; claimed at 23 to be able to summarize all human knowledge in 900 theses.

Christine de Pisan

________: One of few female writers; helped spread humanist themes in France and demonstrated that women could participate in European intellectual life.

Machiavelli

Wanted Italians to fight for their own beliefs. Wrote "The Prince"

Virtu

________: The quality of being a man; successful demonstration of human powers; shaping one's own destiny; someone who knew what he (Leonardo Bruni) was doing.

Leonardo Bruni

________: Noted "the whole glory of man lies in activity; "wrote a history of Florence in which a new division of historical periods was introduced and the styles of Livy were readopted; used this to promote Florentine group identity.

Leonardo da Vinci

________: Painted the Last Supper; each disciple with his own characteristics, as was typical of Renaissance attempts to display personality in portraiture.

Baldassare Castiglione

________: Wrote 'Book of the Courtier ', a popular book on etiquette Courtier A man of good birth who is neatly clothed, graceful, and good at socializing; who is able to dance, appreciate music, know Latin and Greek, and speak knowledgeably but not pedantically.

Greco Roman

Changes in art: Space and reality became more definite; a shift back to ________ styles; sculpture became its own art form representing people, primarily famous figures or myths; 3- D affect achieved in paintings.

Divine Comedy

Vernacular: Writing in the "common tongue "(not Latin); ex: Dante writing the ________ in Italian.

Giovanni Boccaccio

________: Wrote the Decameron; a series of tales designed to entertain and impart wisdom about human character and behavior; contemporary of Petrarch.

Renaissance

________: Around the 15th century, a period following the Middle Ages; a French term for "rebirth.

Spain

End of Renaissance: ________ and France fell upon Italy; Spanish and German mercenaries (plus a few Italians) sacked Rome and more or less ended the Renaissance.

Quattrocento

________: Italian term for fifteenth century; a period in which people built upon the framework left by the Middle Ages and extended into other fields of thought and expression.

Michelangelo

________: Renaissance artist who painted the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel; let human aspects into even his depictions of heavenly figures.

Florence

________: City in the Tuscany region of Italy; produced a huge number of influential Renaissance figures (i.e.

Litterae humanoires

________: Humane letters; the reason the literary movement of the Renaissance is termed 'humanism '

Coluccio Salutati

________: Humanist chancellor of Florence in 1375; wrote to glorify Florentine liberty in the face of Milan's threatening expansion.

Lorenzo Valla

Founder of textual criticism; Found that the donation of Constantine was fake

Chiaroscuro

________: A shading technique used during the Renaissance.

Merchant oligarchies

________: Primary powers in Italian city- states.

Medici Family

________: The primary power in Florence; eventually became grand dukes of Tuscany, supplied two popes and two queens of France.

Renaissance

Around the 15th century, a period following the Middle Ages; a French term for "rebirth"

Quattrocento

Italian term for fifteenth century/1400s; a new period of art

Merchant oligarchies

Primary powers in Italian city-states

Florence

City in the Tuscany region of Italy; produced a huge number of influential Renaissance figures (i.e

Medici Family

The primary power in Florence; eventually became grand dukes of Tuscany, supplied two popes and two queens of France

Giovanni Medici

Founded the Medici family fortune as a merchant and banker of Florence

Cosimo de Medici

Giovanni's son; allied himself with the popular element against leading families of the republic and became Florence's unofficial ruler

Lorenzo the Magnificient

Cosimo's grandson; poet, connoisseur, and patron of the arts

Leonardo Bruni

Noted "the whole glory of man lies in activity"; wrote a history of Florence in which a new division of historical periods was introduced and the styles of Livy were readopted; used this to promote Florentine group identity

Virtu

The quality of being a man; successful demonstration of human powers; shaping one's own destiny; someone who knew what he was doing

Changes in art

Space and reality became more definite; a shift back to Greco-Roman styles; sculpture became its own art form representing people, primarily famous figures or myths; 3-D affect achieved in paintings

Chiaroscuro

A shading technique used during the Renaissance

Condottiere

The leader of a band of Italian mercenaries

Litterae humanoires

Humane letters; the reason the literary movement of the Renaissance is termed 'humanism'

Christine de Pisan

One of few female writes; brought humanism to France

Form of Latin used by humanists

Classic styles, such as that of Cicero or Livy

Giovanni Boccaccio

Wrote the Decameron; a series of tales designed to entertain and impart wisdom about human character and behavior; contemporary of Petrarch

Coluccio Salutati

Humanist chancellor of Florence in 1375; wrote to glorify Florentine liberty in the face of Milan's threatening expansion

Lorenzo Valla

Founder of textual criticism; studied Latin historically and was able to prove that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery for the king of Naples based on his studies

Pico della Mirandola

Claimed to be able to summarize all human knowledge in 900 theses

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote 'Book of the Courtier', a popular book on etiquette

Castiglione's ideal woman of the court

Supposed to encourage good manners, politeness, and cultural graces; balanced out "robust and sturdy manliness" with "soft and delicate tenderness"

Arranged marriages

Women usually married to older husbands; women were often widowed and left to raise the children and manage the household alone

Niccolo Machiavelli

Wrote 'The Prince'; wished Italians could be stronger politically, fight in citizen armies for patriotic causes, and uphold their dignity; as result produced first secular treatise on politics; instead of relating government to God, argued an effective ruler acted only in his own political interest

End of Renaissance

Spain and France fell upon Italy; Spanish and German mercenaries (plus a few Italians) sacked Rome and more or less ended the Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect, focused on anatomy

Michelangelo

Florentine sculptor and painter and architect, focused on religious imagery