Micro - lecture quiz 1

Lectures 1, 2, 3 4a

what are microbes?

microbes are cells and infectious agents that can not be seen with the naked eye (ex: bacteria, viruses, protozoa)

In general, how small are microorganisms?

<0.2 mm or 200 um

1 meter =

1000 mm

1 mm =

1000 um

Bacteria

unicellular prokaryotic microbes. cell walls made of peptidoglycan. about 2 um on average.

round

cocci

rod

bacilli

spiral

spirillum

fungus

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom fungi. Saprobes with chin cell wall. absorbs nutrients from environment

protozoa

Domain Eukarya. Kingdon protista. Unicellular organisms. Contain cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia (ex. giardia)

helminths

Domain eukarya. kingdom animalia. multicellular parasitic worms. Microscopic as egg

viruses

nonliving infectious agents. unicellular. obligate parasites. simple structure of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and protein coat

prions

protein infectious agent causing fatal neurodegenerative diseases. ex: bovine spongiform encephalophy)

algae

domain eukarya. kingdom protists. unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic organism. cellulose cell wall

What is the distinguishing ft of archaea?

They are extremists. Thermophile and Halophiles. Methanogens (associates with the gut of cows)

Who was the first to observe microorganisms?

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek in the early 1700s.called them animalcules.

Thomas Brock

a microbiologists that discovered the bacteria Thermus aquaticus, which withstands the high temperatures of yellowstone.

Kelly Mullis

created PCR following the discovery of Thermus aquaticus utilizing the enzyme TAQ Polymerase.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Molecular photocopying that that copies specific segments of DNA. Requires high heat, hence the use of TAQ polymerase

How did Francoi Redi change the way we think about living organisms?

He hypothesized that maggots form only when flies are present and ultimately came to dispute spontaneous generation.

biogenesis

life arises only from living organisms, which may be too small to see.

carolus linnaeus

developed the binomial nomenclature

rhizopus

bread mold

elements of living organisms

“CHONPS” = carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

hydrogen bonds

attraction based off of partial charges of molecules

hydroxyl

aldehyde

amino

phosphate

sulfhydryl

carboxyl

dehydration synthesis reaction

the joining of monomer units by losing water

hydrolisis

polymers breakdown by addition of water

carbohydrates

“CHO” linked via glycosidic bonds shaped in ring structure. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

carbohydrates general strucutre

CH2O (H is always double the C and O)

monosaccarides

ribose, glucose, fructose

disaccharides

sucrose

polysaccharides

glycogen and cellulose

functions of carbohydrates

• structural supports (cellulose and peptidoglycan)

• attachment sites on surface (allow microbes to stick to surfaces)

• food sources for many organisms

• storage material (glycogen and starch)

Simple Lipids

CHO only. monomer units of 1 glycerol molecule + 1-3 fatty acids

triglycerides

a simple lipid made of long chain of C used as fuel sources for cells.

saturated vs unsaturated fats

saturated fats

simple lipid —> triglycerides. single bonds that gels at room temp

unsaturated fats

simple lipids —> triglycerides. contain double bonds that are liquids

complex lipids

CHO + others. Phospholipids

phospholipids

complex lipid amphipathic molecule containing: phosphate group, glycerol, saturated, and unsaturated fat.

proteins

CHONS. formed by amino acids. overall function is important for function and folding matters. monomer units: amino, carboxyl, H, C, R

protein molecular structure

peptides

covalent bonds between 2 amino acids

acid

a molecule that donates an excess of hydrogen ions

base

a molecule that takes hydrogen ions

whats the difference between simple and complex lipids ?

simple lipids only contain CHO, while complex lipids contain CHO and other components

what are membranes composed of? The molecules have what characteristics?

membranes are composed of phospholipids that are amphipathic. Meaning they are both hydrophilic and phobic

nucleic acid

CHONP. forms DNA and RNA. monomer is nucleotides that are made of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base.

components of a nucleotide for DNA

• phosphate

• 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)

• nitrogen base (A,T,C,G)

whats the difference between a peptide and a polypeptide?

peptides are 4-9 amino acids, while polypeptides are many amino acids joined together with an amino and carboxyl terminus on each end.

polypeptide

functions of proteins

• enzymes

• transporters

• movement

• toxins