Carbohydrate Metabolism and Exercise Performance EXAM 3

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Glycogenolysis

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<p>Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.</p>

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

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Phosphorylase

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Enzyme converting glycogen to glucose.

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129 Terms

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Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

<p>Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.</p>
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Phosphorylase

Enzyme converting glycogen to glucose.

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Phosphorylase a

Active form of phosphorylase enzyme.

<p>Active form of phosphorylase enzyme.</p>
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Phosphorylase b

Inactive form of phosphorylase enzyme.

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Cyclic-AMP Cascade

Hormonal signaling pathway activating phosphorylase.

<p>Hormonal signaling pathway activating phosphorylase.</p>
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Glycogen Synthase

Enzyme responsible for glycogen synthesis.

<p>Enzyme responsible for glycogen synthesis.</p>
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UDP-Glucose

Activated glucose form for glycogen synthesis.

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Calmodulin

Calcium-binding protein activating phosphorylase kinase.

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Epinephrine

Hormone increasing glycogen breakdown during exercise.

<p>Hormone increasing glycogen breakdown during exercise.</p>
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Calcium Increase

Elevated calcium levels activating phosphorylase kinase.

<p>Elevated calcium levels activating phosphorylase kinase.</p>
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AMP Increase

Stimulates phosphorylase b activation during exercise.

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ATP Decrease

Inhibits phosphorylase activation when levels are high.

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IMP Increase

Enhances phosphorylase b activation during intense exercise.

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Glycogen Loading

Carbohydrate intake strategy for enhancing performance.

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Carbohydrate Intake Timing

Optimal consumption before and during exercise.

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Chain Elongation

Process of adding glucosyl units to glycogen.

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Hepatic Glycogen

Glycogen stored in the liver from carbohydrates.

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Muscle Glycogen

Glycogen stored in muscle tissues for energy.

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Exercise Intensity

Level of effort affecting carbohydrate needs.

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Feeding Schedule

Plan for carbohydrate intake during exercise.

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Glycogen Recovery

Restoration of glycogen levels post-exercise.

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Epinephrine

A catecholamine acting primarily as a hormone.

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Norepinephrine

A catecholamine acting primarily as a neurotransmitter.

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Catecholamines

Compounds derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

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Adrenal Medulla

Source of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of autonomic system releasing norepinephrine.

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Plasma Concentration

Norepinephrine levels exceed epinephrine in blood.

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Adrenergic Receptors

Receptors binding catecholamines like epinephrine.

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β-Adrenergic Receptor

Receptor type involved in cyclic-AMP cascade.

<p>Receptor type involved in cyclic-AMP cascade.</p>
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Adenylate Cyclase

Enzyme activated by β-adrenergic receptor binding.

<p>Enzyme activated by β-adrenergic receptor binding.</p>
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Second messenger synthesized by adenylate cyclase.

<p>Second messenger synthesized by adenylate cyclase.</p>
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G Protein

Mediates receptor activation of adenylate cyclase.

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Gs Protein

Stimulatory G protein activating adenylate cyclase.

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GTP

Nucleotide replacing GDP to activate Gsα.

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Phosphorylase Kinase

Activated by PKA to enhance glycogenolysis.

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Glycogenolysis

Process of breaking down glycogen to glucose.

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Glycolytic Rate

Increased significantly during exercise in muscles.

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Glucose 6-Phosphate

Product of glycogenolysis, increasing during exercise.

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Blood Flow

Enhanced to active muscles, increasing glucose delivery.

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GLUT Transporters

Integral proteins facilitating glucose uptake in cells.

<p>Integral proteins facilitating glucose uptake in cells.</p>
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GLUT4

Most abundant glucose transporter, not always present.

<p>Most abundant glucose transporter, not always present.</p>
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Exercise Intensity

Higher intensity correlates with increased catecholamine secretion.

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GLUT4

Transporter that facilitates glucose entry into cells.

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Intracellular Vesicles

Membrane-bound compartments within cells.

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Sarcolemma

Muscle cell membrane surrounding muscle fibers.

<p>Muscle cell membrane surrounding muscle fibers.</p>
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Transverse Tubule Membrane

Extensions of muscle cell membrane into fibers.

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Calcium Release

Triggered by muscle activation, influences various processes.

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Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Key enzyme regulating glycolysis in muscle cells.

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ATP Inhibition

PFK activity decreases when ATP levels are high.

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PCr Inhibition

Phosphocreatine also inhibits PFK activity.

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AMP Stimulation

Increased AMP activates PFK during low energy.

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Acidic pH Inhibition

Low pH inhibits PFK, affecting glycolysis rate.

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Glycolytic Rate Decrease

PFK inhibition prevents hazardous pH drops.

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Pyruvate Kinase

Enzyme catalyzing final step of glycolysis.

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ADP Activation

ADP enhances pyruvate kinase activity.

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Carbohydrate Intake

Essential for replenishing muscle glycogen stores.

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Supercompensation Protocol

Strategy to increase muscle glycogen before competition.

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Glycogen Depletion

Intensive training reduces glycogen for supercompensation.

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Hypoglycemia Risk

Low carbohydrate intake can lead to low blood sugar.

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Gastrointestinal Problems

Digestive issues may arise from extreme diets.

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Carbohydrate Loading

Increases glycogen stores, enhancing endurance performance.

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Time to Exhaustion

Carbohydrate loading increases endurance by 20%.

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Task Completion Time

Carbohydrate intake reduces task completion time by 2-3%.

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Carbohydrate Loading

Effective for events lasting over 90 minutes.

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Sprint Performance

Carbohydrate loading ineffective for sprints under 30 minutes.

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Supercompensation

Effective but not always applicable in all sports.

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Consecutive Competitions

Events occurring within 1-5 days affect loading efficacy.

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Water Storage

Each gram of carbohydrate stores 3 grams of water.

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Body Mass Increase

500g carbohydrate storage increases mass by 2 kg.

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Weight Making Sports

Increased body mass may be undesirable in these sports.

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Pre-Exercise Meal Timing

Last large meal should be 3-5 hours before competition.

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Importance of Breakfast

Critical after overnight fast for glycogen replenishment.

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Muscle Glycogen Incorporation

Carbohydrates consumed pre-exercise enhance muscle glycogen.

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Carbohydrate Amount

140-330g recommended before exercise for performance.

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Liver Glycogen Importance

Liver glycogen levels drop significantly after fasting.

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Blood Glucose Maintenance

Carbohydrate ingestion supports blood glucose during exercise.

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Plasma Glucose Return

Glucose and insulin return to baseline in 30-60 minutes.

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Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate Effects

Includes glucose drop, increased oxidation, fat mobilization blunting.

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Carbohydrate Availability

Enhanced by 200-300g intake 3-4 hours before exercise.

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Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate Ingestion

Causes rapid rise in plasma glucose and insulin.

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Blood Glucose Fall

Occurs rapidly with exercise onset due to insulin effects.

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Hyperinsulinemia

Stimulates glucose uptake during exercise.

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Fat Oxidation Reduction

Lower fatty acid availability due to pre-exercise carbohydrate.

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Glycemic Index Foods

Focus on low glycemic index for carbohydrate ingestion.

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Glycemic response

Blood sugar reaction to carbohydrate intake.

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Insulin

Hormone that promotes glucose uptake in muscles.

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Catecholamines

Hormones that increase liver glucose output.

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Intestinal absorption

Process of glucose entering bloodstream post-ingestion.

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Pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion

Carbohydrate consumed before physical activity.

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High GI food

Foods that rapidly increase blood glucose levels.

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Endurance capacity

Ability to sustain prolonged physical activity.

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Glycogen sparing

Conserving stored glycogen during exercise.

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Motor skills improvement

Enhanced physical coordination and performance.

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Central nervous system (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord; major glucose consumer.

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Exogenous substrates

Nutrients sourced from outside the body.

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Endogenous substrates

Nutrients stored within the body.

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Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation

Breakdown of external carbohydrates for energy.

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Oxidation rates

Speed at which carbohydrates are metabolized.

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Feeding schedule

Timing of carbohydrate consumption during exercise.

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Optimal carbohydrate intake

Amount needed for peak performance without issues.