civil liberties

9th amendment

rights of the people (accused of a crime)

14th amendment

equal protection under the law

7th amendment

civil trials

2nd amendment

right to bear arms

4th amendment

search and seizure

8th amendment

protects from excessive bail/punishment

6th amendment

rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions

Mapp vs Ohio

-police went into Mapp's house without a warrant & arrested her after finding illegal materials

-under the 4th amendment

-verdict: police can't use evident found w/o a warrant

-created the exclusionary rule

Gideon vs Wainwright

-Gideon was poor & couldn't afford a lawyer & court refused to provide one

-under the 6th & 14th amendment

-verdict: court agreed with Gideon (should provide lawyers)

-made states provide free lawyers

Miranda vs Arizona

-Miranda was arrested for kidnapping & assault & confessed w/o knowing he had a right to remain silent

-5th & 6th amendment

-verdict: police must tell people their rights bf questioning

-now have the Miranda rights

Plessy vs Ferguson

-Plessy was arrested for sitting in a "whites only" car & refused to move & was arrested under segregation law

-14th amendment section 1 (equal protection clause)

-Verdict: 7-1 against Plessy (stated segregation was legal)

-establised "separate but equal"

Brown vs Board of Education

-Brown challenged Kansas Board of Edu bc his daughter had to go to a long distance "black" school when a "white school was closer

-14th amendment section 1 (equal protection clause)

-verdict: 9-0 in favor of brown (separate but equal is inherently unequal)

-overturned plessy vs ferguson & major civil rights win

Gitlow vs New York

-Gitlow gave out phamplets that encouraged violent overthrow & was arrested

-14th amendment section 1 (due process clause)

-Verdict: 7-2 against Gitlow (violent gov overthrow cancels out freedom of speech)

-supreme court ruled bill of rights applies to states

Roe vs Wade

-Roe challenged a Texas law that made abortion illegal except for saving lives (stated it was unconstitutional bc it violated her right to privacy)

-14th amendment section 1 (due process clause)

-verdict: 7-2 favor of Roe (stated "right to privacy" isn't in the constitution but is broad enough)

-legalized abortion nationwide

Obergefell vs. Hodges

-Obergefell sued Ohio for not recognizing his marriage that was legal in another state

-14th amendment section 1 (equal protection clause)

-verdict: 5-4 favor Obergefell (marriage is a fundamental right of a person)

-legalized same sex marriage

Title IX

-bans sex discrimination in schools & colleges with federal money

-ensures equal opportunity for girls & women in sports, education, & programs

-under 14th amendment section 1 (equal protection clause)