acs

UV-Vis Source (Mono or Poly)

W-Halogen lamp; D2 or H2Lamp; Xenon Lamp:(poly)

IR Source (Mono or Poly)

Nernst Glower; Globular; Incandescent: (Poly) Laser(Mono

AA Source (mono or Poly)

HCl(mono)

AE Source (Mono or Poly)

Plasma Falme(poly)

Raman Source (mono or Poly)

He/Ne Laser;Ar Laser;Yag Laser:(mono)

UV-Vis Sample Holder

Quartz, Glass, Plastic Cuvettes

IR Sample Holder

salt plat; gas chamber

AA Sample Holder

Graphite Tube; Flame

AE Sample Holder

inductively coupled plasma (ICP)

Raman Sample Holder

Cuvette

UV-Vis Wavelength Selector

Grating, Prism, Filter

IR Wavelength Selector

Interferometer; monochromator

AA Wavelength Selector

Monochrom. w/ grating

AE Wavelength Selector

Monochrom.

Raman Wavelength Selector

Monochrom. w/ grating; Infermom. w/ laser

UV-Vis Detector

Photomultiplier Tube(PMT); Photodiode Array

IR Detector

Thermal(dispersion); pyroelectric; photoconducting

AA Detector

PMT

AE Detector

PMT; Photodiode Array

Raman Detector

PMT

HPLC Mobile Phase

Rev Phase: Polar Solvent

Norm. Phase: Nonpolar Solvent

GC Mobile Phase

He Gas

HPLC Column Length

10-30 cm

GC Column length

30-50 m

HPLC Modes of Operation

1. Isocratic

2. Gradient

GC Modes of Operation

1.Isothermal

2. Temp program

HPLC Injection System and Amount

Loop System (10uL)

GC Injection Syst. and Amount

Syringe (3-5uL)

HPLC Sationary Phase

NP=Polar

RP=Nonpolar

HPLC Detector

Z cell (UV)

GC Detector

FID (flame ionization detector)

HPLC Pump

Reciprocating

Displacement

HPLC Chromotography

1. Partition

2. Adsorption

3. Ion Exchange

4. Size Exclusion

5. Affinity

what are the difference between calibration sensitivity and analytical sensitivity

calibration sensitivity is the slope of a calibration curve at the concentration of interest while analytical sensitivity is a response to the noise ratio

how to calculate calibration sensitivity

y=mx+b (m is the calibration sensitivity)

graph concentration vs mean analytical signal

how to find the analytical sensitivity

As (concentation) = calibration sensitivity/SD [ ]

how to find the coefficient of variation for the mean of each of the replicate sets

CV = SD/Average x 100

how to find the detection limit for method?

3.3*SD(blank)/calibration sensitivity

voltage in a series

Vt = Vc + Vb + Va

Voltage in a parallel circuit

1/Veff = 1/Va + 1/Vb

Capacitance in a series

1/Ceff = 1/Ca + 1/Cb

capacitance equals

Q/V

if a spectrum is the result of a single scan while another is the result of multiple scans, how man individual spectra were summed to increase S/N from 4.2 to 43?

a) formula?

b) answer

a) (S/N)a = sqrt(n) (S/N)b

b) 105

what type of noise can be reduced by decreasing the temperature of a measurement

thermal noise

what type of noise can be reduced by decreasing the frequency used for the measurement

flicker noise

what type of noise can be reduced by decreasing the bandwidth of the measurement

environmental noise

What would be an appropriate source and detector to determine the emission lines for lithium from 200 to 780 nm?

flame and photo multiplier tube (PMT)

you've been asked to measure the UV absorbance of a sample containing poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of organic matter. What would be an appropriate material for the sample container?

fused silica or quartz

which of the following changes will result in a decreased effective bandwidth?

a) increasing the number of blazes in the monochromatic grating

b) switching from a short-pass filter to a long-pass filter

c) increasing sample concentration

d) decreasing the amount of stray light

a

what would be the distance between blazes for a grating where the first order diffraction line for 600 nm light is reflected at 10 degrees and the angle of incidence light is 45 degrees?

a) formula

b) answer

a) n(wavelength) = distance*(sin(i)+sin(r))

b) 680 nm

which of the following would be considered a discontinuous wavelength selector?

a) quartz prism

b) Czerny-Turner Grating (monochormator)

c)interference filter

d)glass prism

c

which characteristics are desirable for a radiation transducer?

a) high sensitivity to short wavelength light

b) low S/N ratio

c) consistent high output when not illuminated

d) constant response over large wavelength range

e) all of the above

d

what is the appropriate process for atomization for AAS and AES? (3 steps)

desolvation, vaporization, atomization

the doppler effect is one reason for line broadening in atomic spectroscopy. What is the effect on a measured signal?

movement of excited atoms toward the detector causes a shortening in the wavelength of the emitted light

it is better to select an excitation source for AAS with ____bandwidth

smaller

what is the general layout for AES?

sample --> source --> wavelength selector --> detector

a)name the electrical signals that are considered analog?

b) how is the information encoded in an analog signal?

a) current, voltage, charge, and power

b) an analog signal is a signal where the amplitude of the signal changes with time, so the information is encoded either through the amplitude or frequency of the signal (and the signal can be wavelength, magnetic field strength, T,etc)

what is a figure of merit?

it is a numerical value characterizing the quantitative instrument performance and include precision, bias, sensitivity, detection limit, dynamic range and selectivity

How long would it take to discharge a 0.015 microF capacitor to 1% of its full charge through a resistance of 10 mega Ohms?

a) formula

b) answer

a) vc= Vc e^(-t/RC)

b) t = 0.69 seconds

select the type of ionization technique used in MS that would result in significant fragmentation

a) MALDI

b) electron impact

c) high performance

d) chemical ionization

c

which is true for chemical ionization?

a) considered a "hard ionization" technique