a&p lab 1 and 2

anterior

in the front of; torward the front surface

ex: the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord

posterior

in back of; toward back surface

ex: the heat is posterior to the sternum

dorsal

the back side of the human body

ex: the spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body

ventral

the belly side of the human body

ex: the umbilicus (navel, belly button) is on the ventral side of the body

superior

closer to the head

ex: the chest is superior to the pelvis

inferior

closer to feet

ex: the stomach is inferior to the heart

cranial (cephalic)

torward the head end

ex: the shoulders are cranial to the feet

caudal

toward the rear or tail end

ex: the buttocks are caudal to the head

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

ex: the frontal lobe of the brain is rostral to the back of the head

medial

toward the mid-line of the body

ex: the lungs are medial to the shoulders

lateral

away from the mid-line of the body

ex: the arms are lateral to the heart

ipsilateral

on the same side

ex: the right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg

contralateral

on the opposite side

ex: the right arm is contralateral to the left leg

deep

closer to the inside, internal to another structure

ex: the heart is deep to the rib cage

superficial

closer to the outside, external to another structure

ex: the skin is superficial to the biceps brachii muscle

proximal

closer to point of attachment to trunk

ex: the elbow is proximal to the hand

distal

farther away from the point of attachment to the trunk

ex: the wrist is distal to the elbow

what plane is this

frontal

what plane is this

midsaggital

what plane is this

transverse

1

cephalic, head

2

frontal, forehead

3

orbital, eye

4

buccal, cheek

5

nasal, nose

6

mental, chin

whats included in thoracic

axillary, mammary, pectoral, sternal

7

axillary, armpit

8

mammary, breast

9

pectoral, chest

10

sternal, sternum

11

abdominal, abdomen

what is included in pelvic

coxal, inguinal

12

pelvic

13

coxal, hip

14

cervical, neck

what is included in upper extremity

deltoid, brachial, antecubiral, olecranal, antebrachial, carpal, dorsum, manus, palmar, digital

15

deltoid, shoulder

16

brachial, arm

17

antecubital, front of elbow

18

olecranal, elbow

19

antebrachial, forearm

20

carpal, wrist

21

dorsum of the hand

22

manus, hand

23

palmar, palm

24

digital, finger

pollical

thumb

what is included in lower extremity

femoral, patellar, popliteal, crural, sural, calcaneal, plantar surface, tarsal, dorsum of the foot, digital

25

femoral, thigh

26

patellar, keecap

27

popliteal, posterior of knee

28

crural, leg

29

sural, calf

30

calcaneal, heel

31

plantar surface, sole

32

tarsal, ankle

33

dorsum of the foot

34

digital, toe

35

pes, foot

36

occipital, back of head

37

auricular, ear

38

thoracic

39

vertebral, spinal column

40

abdominal, abdomen

41

lumbar, lower back

42

sacral

43

gluteal, buttock

44

perineal

5.5

oral, mouth

35.5

cranial, surrounding the brain

epithelium tissues

simple squamous,simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous

simple squamous epithelium location

alveoli of lungs

endothelium of heart and blood vessels

simple squamous epithelium function

diffusion and secretion

simple cuboidal epithelium location

kidney tubules

liver

thyroid, mammary, and salivary glands

simple cuboidal epithelium function

absorption and secretion

simple columnar epithelium location

stomach to intestines

uterus and uterine tubes

kidney

simple columnar epithelium function

absorption and secretion

stratified squamous epithelium location

epidermis

oral cavity

esophagus

vagina

stratified squamous epithelium function

resist abrasions

prevent microbial infection

prevent water loss in skin

aerolar connective tissue location

underlying epithelia

fascia between muscles

surrounding blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, and trachea

mesenteries

visceral layers of pericardium and pleura

areolar connective tissue function

Wraps and cushions organs

Holds and conveys tissues fluids

Phagocytize bacteria

Inflammation

adipose connective tissue location

subcutaneous fat beneath skin

breast

heart surface

mesenteries

surrounds organs such as kidneys & eyes

adipose connective tissue function

energy storage

thermal insulation

heat production by brown fat

protective cushion for some organs

filling space/shaping body

reticular connective tissue location

lymph nodes

spleen

thymus

bone marrow

reticular connective tissue function

forms supportive storm (framework) for lymphatic organs

dense regular connective tissue location

tendons and ligaments

dense regular connective tissue function

binds bones together or muscle to bone

hyaline cartilage location

embryonic skeleton

ends of long bones

joint cavities

costal cartilage of the ribs

cartilages of the nose

cartilages of the trachea and larynx

hyalin cartilage function

provide flexible support within joints

reduce friction within joints

provides structural reinforcement

resists compressive stress

elastic cartilage location

external ear

epiglottis

elastic cartilage function

provides flexible, elastic support

Bone (compact) tissue location

the skeleton

Bone (compact) tissue function

physical support of body

leverage for muscle action

protective enclosure of viscera

reservoir for calcium and phosphate

blood connective tissue location

contained within heart

within blood vessels

blood connective tissue function

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, chemical signals, and heat

provides defensive leukocytes

contains clotting agents

promotes tissue maintenance and repair

Striated skeletal muscle tissue location

skeletal muscles

striated skeletal muscle tissue function

voluntary contractions - to move the skeleton

striated cardiac muscle location

heart

striated cardiac muscle function

contract the heart to propel blood into circulation