Uterine & Endometrial Pathology

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40 Terms

1
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What is the uterine pathology where there is an invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium that is usually noted by thickening of the posterior uterus?

adenomyosis

2
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What patients are at increased risk for adenomyosis?

patients with fibroids

3
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What is the signature sonographic appearance of adenomyosis?

linear striations in uterus/venetian blinds

4
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What is the most common benign gyn tumor and leading cause of hysterectomy and gyn surgery?

leiomyoma (fibroid/myoma)

5
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What stimulates the growth of a fibroid?

estrogen

6
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What is the most common type of fibroid?

intramural

7
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What is the type of fibroid that is located within the muscle wall of the uterus and does not directly change the uterine contour?

intramural

8
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What is the type of fibroid that grows under the serosal layer and distorts the outer contour of the uterus?

subserosal

9
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What is the type of fibroid that is adjacent to endo and distorts the endo contour?

submucosal

10
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What type of fibroid is most likely to cause bleeding issues?

submucosal

11
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What is the type of fibroid that grows out and attaches by a stalk?

pedunculated

12
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What type of fibroid may resemble adnexal masses and is most likely to cause abdominal distention or pelvic pressure?

pedunculated

13
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What is the malignant form of fibroids?

leiomyosarcoma

14
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What population are leiomyosarcomas commonly found in?

perimenopausal and postmenopausal women

15
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How do leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas compare sonographically?

same clinical and sonographic findings except leiomyosarcomas exhibit rapid growth

16
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What is the most common female malignancy under the age of 50?

cervical carcinoma

17
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What is an asymptomatic, benign retention cyst within the cervix?

Nabothian cyst

18
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What is a small, asymptomatic cyst located along the vaginal wall?

Gardner duct cyst

19
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What is the normal sonographic appearance of a c-section scar?

a slight indentation of the isthmus

20
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What is a c-section scar defect?

when fluid or separation occurs

21
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What is a c-section dehiscence?

when the myometrial walls are separating

22
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What is the normal sonographic appearance of a correctly placed IUD?

echogenic linear echo with posterior shadowing or reverberation artifact noted centrally within endometrial cavity

23
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What is the type of IUD which appears as 5 equally spaced dots with posterior shadowing?

Lippes loop

24
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What is endometrial hyperplasia?

thickening of the endo

25
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What does endometrial hyperplasia result from?

unopposed estrogen stimulation

26
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What conditions can endometrial hyperplasia be secondary to?

PCOS, tamoxifen treatment, estrogen only HRT, or estrogen producing ovarian tumors

27
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What is the most likely diagnosis in a post-menopausal patient with a thickened endometrium?

endometrial hyperplasia

28
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What is the normal endometrial thickness in a postmenopausal woman with no bleeding?

8mm

29
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What is the normal endometrial thickness in a postmenopausal woman with bleeding?

5mm

30
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What is the normal endometrial thickness in a postmenopausal woman taking HRT?

a variable premenopausal appearance

31
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What is the normal endometrial thickness in the early proliferative phase?

4-6 mm

32
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What is the normal endometrial thickness in the late proliferative phase?

6-10 mm

33
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What is the normal endometrial thickness in the secretory phase?

16 mm

34
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What is the most common gyn malignancy?

endometrial carcinoma

35
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What is a clinical marker of endometrial carcinoma?

elevated CA-125

36
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What is the most likely reason for abnormal bleeding/thick endo in reproductive age patients (excluding PCOS)?

endometrial polyps

37
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What is the best way to visualize endometrial polyps?

saline infused sonohysterography (SIS)

38
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What is the most common cause of post-menopausal bleeding?

endometrial atrophy

39
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What appears as adhesions or synechiae within the uterine cavity as a result of scar formation after surgery or D&C?

Asherman syndrome

40
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How does Asherman syndrome appear on SIS?

webb-like or stringy appearance and visualization of the synchiae