COLEN111

SENTENCE

Group of words that has a complete thought

SUBJECT

What or whom the sentence is about.

PREDICATE

Tells something about the subject.

LINKING

Expresses a state of being not an action, and is followed by a predicate noun or pronoun.

TRANSITIVE

Action that has a direct object or receiver of action.

TRANSITIVE

Needs an object to complete its meaning.

INTRANSITIVE

Action but does not have a direct object or receiver of action.

DIRECT OBJECT

Noun or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb.

DIRECT OBJECT

WHO OR WHAT

INDIRECT OBJECT

Indicates the person or thing that receives what is being given or done

INDIRECT OBJECT

to / for whom, to / for what

SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

Renames or describes the subject

OBJECT COMPLEMENT

Renames the direct object or states what it has become.

S- IV PATTERN

(SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB)

S-IV DEFINITION

Does not need an object, independent

S-IV EXAMPLE 1

S-IV EXAMPLE 2

S-TV-DO PATTERN

SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT OBJECT

S-TV-IO-DO PATTERN

SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT

S-TV-DO-OP PATTERN

SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION

S-TV-DO-OC PATTERN

SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + OBJECTIVE COMPLIMENT

S-LV-SC PATTERN

SUBJECT + LINKIN VERB + SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT

RULE #1

A verb agrees with its subject in NUMBER

Singular subject

Takes a singular verb ( with “s”)

Plural subject

Takes a plural verb (without “s”)

RULE #2

 Compound subjects joined by coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) take a plural verb.

RULE #3

Repeating the determiner means two different people (plural verb). Using only one determiner means one person with two roles (singular verb).

Repeating the determiner

Two different people

One determiner

One person with two roles

RULE #4

The noun in the “of phrase” never agrees with the verb number.

RULE #5

The noun in the intervening words (as well as, along with, together with) does not affect the number of the verb.

RULE #6

When subjects are joined by either...or or neither...nor, match the verb to the subject closest to it.

RULE #7

A collective noun (like team, family, class, jury) names a group.

RULE #8

Singular indefinite pronouns take singular verb while plural ones take plural verb.

Mood ( Psychology)

Temporary shift or change of one’s behavior

Grammar

Temporary breakage of the Subject-Verb Agreement Rule

 Indicative Mood 1

An action possible to happen/close to reality > believe, hope

Indicative Mood 1.1

Actions that are possible to happen or close to reality. Used either present or past tense.

Phenomenon

Real happening

Indicative Mood 2

Expresses factual ideas/universal truth/permanent condition

Indicative Mood 3

Expresses habitual actions ( repeated actions)

Subjunctive Mood

Opposite of indicative

Subjunctive Mood 1

An action or condition impossible to happen/doubtful/ far from reality, express “wishes”

Subjunctive Mood 2

Expresses conditional statements (if-clause) possible to happen (present-indicative) while impossible (past-subjunctive).

Subjunctive Mood 3

Uses expressions “ important, necessary, imperative, recommend, insist, suggest, move

Subjunctive Mood 33

Must, should to avoid redundancy.

Imperative Mood

Used in expressing commands or a request.

Tenses

Shows the time of the action or state expressed by the verb

Present Tense

Expresses actions happening now or regularly

Past Tense

Expresses actions that already happened

Future Tense

Expresses actions that will happen

Aspect 1

Shows the manner in which the action is carried out with respect to time

Aspect 2

It's completed, ongoing, repeated, or just about to happen.

Simple

Describes general, habitual, or completed actions

Progressive

Describes ongoing or continuous actions

Perfect

Describes actions completed before another time or action

Perfect Progressive

Describes actions that were ongoing and then completed at a certain point

Simple Present Tense Use

To express habit, hobby, repeated action/ routine, general truth/ fact, scheduled events in the future, or the now

Simple Present Tense Form

For singular subject, add -s or -es to the base form of the verb.

For plural subject, use the base form of the verb.

Simple Past Tense Use

To express completed past actions, durations, and habits

Simple Past Tense Form

For regular verbs, add -d or -ed to the base form of the verb.

For irregular verbs, change or retain the spelling.

SImple Future Tense Use

To express an action that will happen, voluntary action, promise, plan, and prediction

Simple Future Tense Form

will + base form of the verb

am/is/are + going to + base form of the verb

Present Progressive Tense Use

To express an action happening right now, either at the moment of speaking or now in a larger sense, longer actions in progress now, actions that will happen in the near future, and repetitive actions

Present Progressive Tense Form

am/is/are + -ing form of the verb (present participle)

Past Progressive Tense Use

To express interrupted action in the past, past parallel actions, and past repetitive actions

Past Progressive Tense Form

was/were + -ing form of the verb (present participle)

Future Progressive Tense Use

To show an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future, an action that will be interrupted by another future action, and a prediction or assumption about something happening in the future

Future Progressive Tense Form

will be + -ing form of the verb (present participle)

am/is/are + going to be + -ing form of the verb (present participle)

Present Perfect Tense Use

To show an action that happened at an unspecified time before now or that started in the past and continues, and a duration from the past until now

Present Perfect Tense Form

has/ have + past participle form of the verb

Present perfect tense with unspecified time

Ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Present perfect tense with time expressions that emphasize duratio

For and since

Past Perfect Tense Use

To show an action that happened before another action in the past

Past Perfect Tense Form

had + past participle form of the verb

Future Perfect Tense Use

To show an action that will be completed before a specific time in the future

Future Perfect Tense Form

will have + past participle

am/is/are + going to have + past participle

Past Perfect Progressive Tense Use

To express an ongoing action and/or duration of a past activity that was happening before another past action;

Often used with time markers like for, since, before, when, and until

Past Perfect Progressive Tense Form

had + been + present participle (verb+ing)

Present Perfect Progressive Tense Use

To express an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, to show recently finished actions that have a visible or current result, and to emphasize the duration of an activity

Present Perfect Progressive Tense Form

has/have + been + present participle (verb+ing)

Future Perfect Progressive Tense Use

To express an ongoing action that will continue up to a specific point in the future and to emphasize the length/duration of the action by that future time

Future Perfect Progressive Tense Form

will have been + present participle (verb+ing)