endocrine system

what is the endocrine system

glands and organs that release hormones into bloodstream to control bodily functions

examples what the endocrine system affects

blood sugar, fight/flight, puberty, growth

what are glands

create and secrete hormones

examples of glands

pituitary, ovary

what are hormones

chemical messengers that travel through blood to target tissue

nervous vs endocrine systems- fast or slow response

nervous- fast

endocrine- slow

nervous vs endocrine systems- types of signals

nervous- electrical

endocrine- hormonal (chemical)w

nervous vs endocrine systems- where signals travel

NS- through neurons

ES- through blood

nervous vs endocrine systems- area affected

NS- specific locations

ES- affect organ, tissues, the whole body

what is the connection between hypothalamus and the anterior and the posterior pituitary

• both release tropic hormones

  • hypothalamus regulates pituitary glands

another name for the pituitary glands

master glands

what is a tropic hormone

stimulates other glands to secrete hormones

2 categories of hormones

peptide and steroid

what is the difference between the two types of hormones

how they move through cell membrane

peptide hormone solubility

water soluble

insoluble in fat

what does it mean if a hormone is insoluble in fat

can’t cross the phospholipid bilayer

peptide hormone movement through the cell membrane

bind to receptor site on the membrane

that process converts ATP into cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP activates the cell to do the response

what is cAMP

cyclical AMP

steroid hormone solubility

water insoluble

fat soluble

steroid hormone movement through the cell

enters into the cell

Binds to receptors

The hormone-receptor complex attaches to DNA → creates an enzyme that creates a response

what is negative feedback

part of homeostasis where the body detects change and brings back to normal

negative feedback process

stimulus → variable (things that are in a certain range change)→ receptor sensor (senses change) →control center (interprets change) → effector (responds and brings back to normal)

what is positive feedback

perpetuates (continues to change) → doesn’t get back to normal

human growth hormone (gland, target tissue, effect)

anterior pituitary

bone and muscle

increase in protein synthesis, cell division, growth of bones and muscles, more release of stored fat

what does growth biologically mean

division of cells

amount of growth hormone throughout life

always have it, decrease with age

thyroxine (gland, target tissue, effect)

thyroid gland

general body tissue

higher rate of protein, fat and carb metabolism; higher reaction rate in the body

what is metabolism

how fast we use macromolecules

higher rate of metabolism means

higher: heart rate, hunger

lower: sleep, weight

tremmors, feel hot

thyroid stimulating hormone (gland, target tissue, effect)

anterior pituitary

thyroid

stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine

calcitonin (gland, target tissue, effect)

thyroid

bones

lowers calcium levels in blood by holding Ca in bones by blocking osteoclasts

what are osteoclasts

cells that break down bones

what are the hormones that control calcium levels in the body

calcitonin and parathyroid

parathyroid (gland, target tissue, effect)

parathyroid

bones and kidneys

triggers the release of calcium from bones