OTD 306 Quiz 2 - Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Schizophrenia

depressive

The following are examples of ______ disorders.

• major depressive disorder

• persistent depressive disorder

• postpartum depression 

• disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

• premenstrual dysphoric disorder

major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Name 5 examples of depressive disorders given in lecture.

five, two

A diagnosis of depression requires _____ or more of the following symptoms in a ______ week period.

• depressed mood most of the day almost every day

• loss of interest or pleasure in activities

• significant weight change

• psychomotor agitation or slowing

• fatigue or loss of energy

• inability to concentrate

• recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

• significant change in sleeping patterns

depressed, pleasure, weight, fatigue, concentrate, suicide, sleeping

A diagnosis of depression requires five or more of the following symptoms in a two week period.

• _____ mood most of the day almost every day

• loss of interest or _____ in activities

• significant _____ change

• psychomotor agitation or slowing

• _____ or loss of energy

• inability to _____

• recurrent thoughts of death or _____

• significant change in _____ patterns

catatonia

• state of altered consciousness characterized by immobility, mutism, and other unusual behaviors

• may be caused by multiple mental health illnesses, including severe depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder

neurotransmitters, chronic, environmental, substance

Depression risk factors

• genetics

• brain chemistry - imbalance of _____ (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)

• medical conditions, including _____ illnesses or neurological disorders

• _____ factors, including trauma, stress, and life changes

• _____ use, including drugs, alcohol, and medications

serotonin

Which neurotransmitter was described as the “happy” neurotransmitter in lecture?

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter was described as the “motivation” neurotransmitter in lecture?

global assessment of functioning (GAF)

a numerical scale, ranging from 0 to 100, that was previously used in psychiatric assessments to rate an individual's overall level of functioning in daily life, covering psychological, social, and occupational aspects

patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

screen for depression that asks patients to rate on a scale of 0 to 3 how often in the last 2 weeks they have been bothered by various problems/symptoms

sleep, flight, goal, risky, esteem, talkative

A diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires three or more of the following in which the impairment in social or occupational functioning requires medical help: 

• distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood 

• decreased need for _____

• _____ of ideas

• distractibility

• increased _____-directed behavior

• _____ behavior

• inflated self-_____

• more _____

bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymia, bipolar disorder, unspecified

Name 4 subtypes of bipolar disorder

bipolar I disorder

subtype of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one manic episode

bipolar II disorder

subtype of bipolar disorder characterized by one major depressive episode with an episode of hypomania

cyclothymia

subtype of bipolar disorder characterized by less intense episodes of depression and hypomania

bipolar disorder unspecified

subtype of bipolar disorder that doesn’t meet the criteria for any other type but still has periods of abnormally elevated mood

bipolar I disorder

What is the only subtype of bipolar disorder that involves episodes of mania? 

neurotransmitters, chronic, environmental, substance

Bipolar disorder risk factors

• genetics

• brain chemistry - imbalance of _____ (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)

• medical conditions, including _____ illnesses or neurological disorders

• _____ factors, including trauma, stress, and life changes

• _____ use, including drugs, alcohol, and medications

2.8%

What is the prevalence of bipolar disorder in the U.S.?

bipolar disorder

What mood disorder is the 6th leading cause of disability in the world?

6th

Bipolar disorder is the _____ leading cause of disability in the world. 

20%

What percentage of people with bipolar disorder die by suicide?

5

1 in _____ people with bipolar disorder die by suicide.

impairment

82.9% of people with bipolar disorder have serious _____.

substance abuse

60% of people with bipolar disorder struggle with _____ _____. 

lifelong

Bipolar disorder is a _____ condition.

2nd

Depression is the _____ leading cause of disability in the U.S. 

Depression

What mood disorder is the 2nd leading cause of disability in the U.S.?

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

What does EMDR stand for?

EMDR

What is the abbreviation for eye movement desensitizing and reprocessing?

cognitive behavioral therapy

What does CBT stand for?

CBT

What is the abbreviation for cognitive behavioral therapy?

DBT

What is the abbreviation for dialectical behavioral therapy?

dialectical behavioral therapy

What does DBT stand for?

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), brainspotting, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

Name 4 examples of psychotherapy techniques that may be used to treat depressive disorders and/or bipolar disorder.

antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics

Name 3 categories of medications that may be used to treat depressive disorders and/or bipolar disorder. 

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)

Name 3 examples of brain stimulation therapies that may be used to treat depressive disorders and/or bipolar disorder. 

electroconvulsive therapy

What does ECT stand for?

ECT

What is the abbreviation for electroconvulsive therapy?

TMS

What is the abbreviation for transcranial magnetic stimulation?

transcranial magnetic stimulation

What does TMS stand for? 

VNS

What is the abbreviation for vagus nerve stimulation?

vagus nerve stimulation

What does VNS stand for?

social, exercise, sensory, cognitive, coping, routines, meaningful

The following are examples of OT intervention areas for clients with depressive disorders and/or bipolar disorder:

• _____ participation

• encourage _____

• _____ and _____ interventions

• _____ strategies

• daily _____ and structure

• engagement in _____ activities

anxiety

The following are examples of ______ disorders.

• generalized anxiety disorder

• panic disorder

• social anxiety disorder

• specific phobias

• agoraphobia

• separation anxiety disorder

• selective mutism

anxiety disorders

categories of mental health disorders that are characterized by excessive fear, worry, or nervousness that is disproportionate to the situation and interferes with daily functioning.

generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism

Name 7 examples of anxiety disorders given in lecture.

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

type of anxiety disorder that involves the following symptoms persisting for at least 6 months: restlessness, fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbances, and/or muscle tension

panic disorder

type of anxiety disorder that involves at least 4 of the following symptoms

• palpations

• sweating

• shortness of breath

• numbness or tingling

• fear of losing control

• chest pain

social anxiety disorder

type of anxiety disorder that involves fear of others’ judgment and anxiety in social situations that causes significant distress and impairment

specific phobias

type of anxiety disorder characterized by marked fear and anxiety of a specific object which is out of proportion and active avoidance of the object

agoraphobia

type of anxiety disorder that involves anxiety in two or more of the following:

• public transportation

• being in open or enclosed spaces

• being in a crowd

• being outside

• being home alone

separation anxiety disorder

type of anxiety disorder that involves excessive fear of being separated from attachment figure, nightmares, and reluctance to be alone

• persists for 4 week in children

• persists for 6 months in adults

4 weeks

For a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder, how long must symptoms persist in children?

6 months

For a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder, how long must symptoms persist in adults?

selective mutism

type of anxiety disorder characterized by failure to speak in social situations for at least one month despite speaking in others; interferes with functioning and is not due to a language disorder

serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

What 3 neurotransmitters are associated with depressive disorders? 

serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

What 3 neurotransmitters are associated with bipolar disorder? 

neurotransmitters, personality, negative, esteem, environmental, exclusion, females, substance, asthma, ADHD, Parkinson’s, hormonal, cardiovascular

Risk factors for anxiety disorders include the following

• genetics

• brain chemistry - imbalance of ______ (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA)

• brain structures

• ______ traits

• ______ thinking patterns

• low self-______

• ______ factors, including trauma, stress, and life changes

• discrimination and social ______

• gender (more common in ______)

• ______ use, including alcohol, drugs, caffeine, and medications for ______, ______, and ______ disease

• medical conditions, including ______ imbalances and ______ disease

10%

Only ______ of people with an anxiety disorder receive effective help.

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), brainspotting, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), exposure therapy

Name 5 examples of psychotherapy techniques that may be used to treat anxiety disorders

skill, environmental, sensory, cognitive, coping, routines, goal, meaningful

The following are examples of OT intervention areas for clients with anxiety disorders:

• CBT and ______ building

• ______ modifications

• ______ and ______ interventions (e.g., grounding)

• ______ strategies

• mindfulness

• exercise

• daily ______ and structure

• ______ setting

• engagement in ______ activities

schizophrenia

serious and chronic disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves in a way that interferes with daily functioning 

16-30 

Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed between ______ years. 

positive symptoms, negative symptoms

What are the 2 major categories of symptoms involved in schizophrenia. 

positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, and disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that include flat affect, lack of motivation, anhedonia, social withdrawal, and reduced speech

negative

Which category of symptoms seen in schizophrenia may present like depression? (positive or negative)

anhedonia

difficulty feeling pleasure

negative

Is anhedonia a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

positive

Are delusions a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

positive

Are hallucinations a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

positive

Is disorganized thinking or speech a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

positive

Is disorganized or abnormal motor behavior a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

negative

Is flat affect a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

negative

Is lack of motivation a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

negative

Is social withdrawal a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

negative

Is reduced speech a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia?

schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizofreniform disorder, substance/medication induced psychotic disorder

Name 5 mental health conditions that are related to schizophrenia, as described in lecture.

erotomanic

type of delusion in which individual believes that someone of high status is in love with them

grandiose

type of delusion in which individual has over-inflated sense of self-worth, talent, and/or power

jealous

type of delusion in which individual believes partner is cheating despite no evidence

persecutory

type of delusion in which individual believes they are being spied on, stalked, or mistreated

somatic

type of delusion in which individual believes they are experiencing medical symptoms

mixed

type of delusion in which two or more delusions are experienced 

schizoaffective disorder

mental health condition that includes symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders, where psychotic symptoms occur independent of mood episodes for at least two weeks 

schizophrenia, mood

Schizoaffective disorder includes symptoms of both ______ and ______ disorders. 

delusional disorder

mental health condition that involves persistent delusions for at least one month without other symptoms of schizophrenia; delusions are not bizarre and do not significant impair functioning; no hallucinations are present

no

Do individuals with delusional disorder experience hallucinations? (yes or no) 

delusional disorder

What mental health condition does a person who believes they are being watched but functions normally likely have?

brief psychotic disorder

mental health condition that is triggered by stress or trauma and involves a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms (e.g., hallucinations or delusions) that lasts more than one day but less than one month; complete return to previous functioning

brief psychotic disorder

What mental health condition does the following person likely have: following sexual assault, a person believes that they are being followed, but symptoms resolve within one month

schizofreniform disorder

a temporary mental illness with symptoms similar to schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech, that lasts for at least one month but less than six months

substance/medication induced psychotic disorder

mental health condition in which psychotic symptoms are caused by substance use, withdrawal, or exposure to a new medication

prodromal phase, acute phase, recuperative/recovery phase, residual phase

What are the 4 phases of the typical course of schizophrenia

prodromal phase

• 1st of 4 phases of the typical course of schizophrenia

• marked decrease in function

acute phase

• 2nd of 4 phases of the typical course of schizophrenia

• psychotic symptoms begin

• lasts 1-6 months

recuperative/recovery phase

• 3rd of 4 phases of the typical course of schizophrenia

• positive symptoms are significantly diminished

• negative symptoms and impaired functioning remain 

• may last several months

residual phase

• 4th of 4 phases of the typical course of schizophrenia

• some positive symptoms present, negative symptoms persist

• may last several months or more

neurotransmitters, ventricles, reduced, low, maternal, environmental, trauma, urban, social, substance, cannabis

The following are risk factors of schizophrenia

• genetics

• imbalance of ______ (dopamine, glutamate, GABA, serotonin) 

• brain structures

  • larger ______

  • ______ volume of hippocampus, amygdala, frontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices

• prenatal and birth complications, including ______ birth weight, prematurity, and ______ infections

• ______ factors, including childhood ______ and ______ living with ______ isolation

• ______ use and medications, including ______ use during adolescence, cocaine, LSD, and amphetamines

• infectious diseases

• major life events and stressors, including divorce, job loss, and bereavement