CCMA Module 2

Plasma membrane

Selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids and proteins, separating the cell from its environment

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid filling the cell, containing organelles and facilitating chemical reactions

Nucleus

Central body containing DNA, regulating cell activity and housing genetic material

Nuclear membrane

Double-layered membrane surrounding the nucleus, selectively allowing materials in

Nucleolus

Dark body within the nucleus, responsible for RNA and ribosome formation

Mitochondria

Rod-shaped bodies generating energy (ATP) from nutrients, known as the 'power plant' of the cell

Ribosomes

Granules involved in protein synthesis for internal and external use

Endoplasmic reticulum

Complex network of membranous sacs and channels connecting cell structures, supporting material transport

Golgi apparatus

Membranous sacs connected to the endoplasmic reticulum, packaging and releasing cell materials

Lysosomes

Membrane sacs created by the Golgi apparatus, digesting waste materials in the cell

Cytoskeleton

Protein structure maintaining cell shape, structure, and organelle movement

Centrioles

Rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus, aiding in cell reproduction through DNA distribution

Cilia

Hair-like projections aiding in substance movement along the cell surface

Flagella

Long, whip-like projections moving the cell through motion

Skeletal muscle

Responsible for body movement; also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle

Smooth muscle

Found in hollow organs and blood vessels; involuntary muscle

Cardiac muscle

Found only in the heart; contracts from top and bottom to pump blood

Tendons

Connect skeletal muscles to bones

Lymph nodes

Glandular structures that produce and store lymphocytes

Lymph nodules

Masses of lymphoid tissue without capsules

Thymus

Located behind the sternum; produces and matures T-cells

Spleen

Largest lymphoid organ; filters blood

Interstitial fluid

Tissue fluid between cells; becomes lymph after filtering

Antigen

Foreign substance in the body

Antibody

Protein created in response to specific antigens

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies in the immune system

B-cells

Lymphocytes that turn into plasma cells to produce antibodies

T-cells

Lymphocytes that recognize antigens and attack invading cells

Monocytes

Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

Active immunity

Immunity developed from exposure to pathogens or immunizations

Passive immunity

Short-lasting immunity transferred through placenta or blood products

Heart

Central pump of the cardiovascular system

Artery/Arteriole

Thick-walled vessels carrying blood away from the heart

Vein/Venule

Vessels carrying blood toward the heart

Capillary

Smallest blood vessels aiding in oxygen and nutrient exchange

Endocardium

Innermost layer lining the heart chambers

Myocardium

Muscular layer of the heart

Pericardium

Outermost membrane surrounding the heart

Tricuspid valve

Valve between right atrium and ventricle

Bicuspid valve

Valve between left atrium and ventricle

Urinary bladder

Muscular sac storing urine

Gastrointestinal system

Responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption

Cecum

Connects to the ileum, housing the appendix

Ascending colon

Part of the colon located after the cecum

Transverse colon

Colon segment extending horizontally across the abdomen

Descending colon

Colon segment located vertically on the left side of the abdomen

Sigmoid colon

Colon segment connecting the descending colon to the rectum

Rectum

End of the colon storing feces prior to elimination

Anus

Body exit point for feces from the rectum

Liver

Produces bile for fat digestion, located in the RUQ

Gall bladder

Stores and releases bile, connected to the duodenum

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes, located behind the stomach

Nose

Contains cilia to filter particles, part of the respiratory system

Pharynx

Passageway for air and food, part of the respiratory system

Larynx

Produces voice sounds, located above the trachea

Trachea

Windpipe carrying air to the lungs, lined with cilia

Lungs

Respiratory organs containing alveoli and bronchi

Brain

Controls body functions, divided into lobes

Spinal cord

Pathway for nerve signals to and from the brain

Peripheral nerves

Carry signals between body and brain, including cranial and spinal nerves

Neuron

Functional unit of the nervous system

Dendrites

Branching structures of a neuron

Axon

Stores neurotransmitters within a neuron

Endocrine system

Produces and releases hormones for body regulation

Testes

Male organs producing sperm and testosterone

Scrotum

Skin pouch housing the testes

Ovaries

Female organs producing eggs, estrogen, and progesterone

Surgical excision

Surgical removal of tissue

Liquid nitrogen freezing

Treatment using extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissue

Melanoma

Type of skin cancer originating from pigment-producing cells

UVB rays

Ultraviolet rays responsible for skin damage

RICE

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation for injury treatment

Osteoporosis

Bone disease causing weak and brittle bones

Osteoarthritis

Joint disease with cartilage breakdown

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune joint disorder

Gout

Inflammatory arthritis due to uric acid buildup

Muscular dystrophy

Progressive muscle weakness disease

Myopathy

Muscle disorder with weakness and stiffness

Myalgia

General muscle pain

Repetitive stress disorder

Muscle and nerve pain from repetitive actions

Shin splint

Pain and swelling in lower leg from stress

Anemia

Blood disorder causing fatigue and irregular heartbeat

Atherosclerosis

Arterial disease from fatty deposits

Congestive heart failure

Heart's inability to pump blood effectively

Hemophilia

Genetic disorder causing excessive bleeding

Hypertension

High blood pressure condition

Myocardial infarction

Heart attack due to blocked blood flow

Acute renal failure

Sudden kidney function decline

Chronic renal failure

Progressive kidney function decline

Renal calculi

Kidney stones causing severe pain

Urinary incontinence

Loss of bladder control leading to urine leakage

Urinary tract infection

UTI causing frequent urge to urinate and pain

Appendicitis

Appendix inflammation causing abdominal pain

Celiac disease

Gluten-triggered small intestine damage

Colorectal cancer

Colon cancer with various symptoms

Diverticulosis

Colon pouches without inflammation

GERD

Acid reflux disease affecting the esophagus

Acute respiratory distress

Severe breathing difficulty condition