Kinesiology and Anatomy: Planes, Movements, Forces, and Musculoskeletal Concepts

In which plane and around which axis do flexion and extension occur?

Sagittal plane around a frontal axis

In which plane and around which axis does rotation occur?

Transverse plane around a vertical axis

What is an example of closed kinematic chain movement of the extremity?

Pushing with hands on a chair arm to move into standing

What is the general location of the center of mass for the entire body in the anatomical position?

Anterior to the second sacral (S2) vertebra

Which position has the most stable base of support?

Lying down

What best describes linear (rectilinear) motion?

Movement from point to point straight in a straight line

What type of force compresses one side of the object and applies a tensile force on the opposite side?

Bending

What components are included in vector force measurements?

Magnitude (amount) and direction of the force

What determines the torque force produced by a muscle?

All of the above

What best describes rotary movement produced by a force couple?

Muscles producing parallel forces in opposite directions

In which plane and around which axis does a person reach forward and upward into a cabinet?

Sagittal plane around a frontal axis

In which plane and around which axis does the forearm move when turning a key?

Transverse plane around a vertical axis

What describes the movement at the ankle joints when rising up on toes?

Active and closed kinematic chain

Why is a person in a standing position less stable than in a sitting position?

The center of gravity is higher, and the base of support is narrower

What effect do vector forces of equal magnitude but opposite direction have on joint movement?

No movement of the joint

Where should a cuff weight be placed on the forearm to require the greatest work from the biceps muscle?

In the hand

How does the angle of insertion influence the biceps muscle's ability to generate force?

A 90° angle increases the muscle's ability

In which direction are the hamstrings likely pulling the pelvis if the rectus abdominis pulls the anterior portion superiorly?

Inferior

What does the law of inertia state?

An object tends to remain at rest unless an external force acts on it, and an object in motion tends to remain in motion at a constant velocity unless an external force acts on it.

What state of equilibrium is a person in when maintaining a standing position?

Static equilibrium

What does the law of acceleration state?

The greater the force, the greater is the acceleration of the mass.

What concepts relate to the moment of inertia?

Distance of object from the axis of rotation and mass of the object.

What is ground reaction force?

When force is applied to an object, the object will respond with an equal and opposite force.

What is kinetic energy?

It is the mechanical energy of a moving object.

Which type of lever has the axis of rotation between the effort and resistant forces?

First class lever.

What is power in physics?

The amount of work done in a given period of time.

When does internal force have a greater mechanical advantage over external force?

When the internal moment arm is greater than the external moment arm.

How does an anatomical pulley increase muscle efficiency?

It changes the direction of the muscle force and increases the moment arm of the muscle.

What happens to a wheelchair when someone begins to push it?

The law of inertia applies.

What state of equilibrium is a person running on a level surface?

Dynamic equilibrium.

What happens to the acceleration of the lower arm during elbow flexion when lifting a dumbbell?

It accelerates toward the shoulder during flexion and decelerates as it is lowered to its resting position.

What is the effect of distance from the joint axis of rotation on muscle strength?

The farther the force is from the joint axis of rotation, the harder the muscle must work to counter the force.

What happens when force is applied to an object?

The object will respond with an equal and opposite force.

What type of energy does an athlete's arm have when in a backward position before throwing a ball?

The arm has potential energy created by its backward position, which changes into kinetic energy as the ball is thrown forward.

What type of lever system do the calf muscles represent when lifting the heel off the ground?

Second-class levers.

What factors are considered when describing work in kinesiology?

Force applied to the object and distance it is moved.

When does internal muscle force have greater mechanical advantage over external force?

When the internal moment arm is greater than the external moment arm.

What function does the patella serve in relation to the quadriceps muscles?

All of the above (changes the direction of the muscle force, increases the moment arm of the muscle, deflects the muscle's line of action farther from the joint).

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

Protects the brain, stores calcium, provides a rigid support frame.

Which tissue component provides tensile strength to joint structures?

Collagen.

What is NOT an action of synovial fluid?

Decreases vascularization of the joint capsule.

What information do afferent sensory nerve receptors in ligaments provide?

How the joint receives nutrients.

Which of the following joints is an example of a fibrous joint?

Suture.

Which joint displays three degrees of movement?

Triaxial.

Which joint end-feel is MOST LIKELY due to pain?

Empty end-feel.

What is the close-packed position of the knee?

Standing.

What best describes the arthrokinematic movement of rolling?

The points of contact on one surface contact changing points on the opposite surface.

What happens to an arm immobilized in a cast?

Increased bone density.

Which tissue component gives the most when stretched?

Elastin.

Which tissue has the BEST blood supply to promote healing after injury?

Bone.

Which feedback mechanism to the brain will likely NOT be affected by a knee medial collateral ligament injury?

How the joint receives nutrients

Which statement BEST describes articular cartilage?

It is a form of hyaline cartilage with poor blood supply and an inability to heal well.

Which of the following joints is an example of a symphysis joint?

Joint between the vertebrae and the disks in the spine.

Which definition BEST describes a saddle joint?

Each of the joint surfaces has both a concave and convex surface.

What BEST describes the end-feel of knee flexion limited to 90°?

Firm end-feel.

Which elbow position allows the greatest amount of joint movement?

Elbow in 70° of flexion.

In which direction is the femur most likely to roll and glide when moving from standing to sitting?

Roll posterior and glide anterior.

What arthrokinematic movements are likely limited in a person whose arm was immobilized in a cast?

Humeral head rolling superiorly and gliding inferiorly.

Which definition BEST defines the term agonist?

The muscle that contracts to initiate a specific movement.

Which statement BEST describes the cellular events during a muscle contraction?

Myosin cross-bridges bind with actin receptor sites, causing actin to slide toward the myosin.

Which definition BEST describes an eccentric muscle contraction?

During the movement, the muscle's attachments move farther apart from each other.

Which structures comprise a motor unit?

Motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

Which muscle fiber arrangement is BEST designed to produce a larger range of motion?

Fusiform.

Which definition BEST describes endomysium?

Connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Which speeds and lengths are MOST LIKELY to produce the greatest muscle tension during a concentric muscle contraction?

Slow speed; length that allows greatest number of cross-bridge formations.

What is the muscle length that allows the greatest number of cross-bridge formations?

Slow speed; length that allows greatest number of cross-bridge formations

Which activity is an example of active insufficiency?

Attempting to grip an object when the wrist is flexed

What does the Golgi tendon organ (GTO) do?

Sensory receptor, activated by active contraction or excessive stretch, inhibits agonist

What is an example of passive insufficiency?

Inability to increase hip flexion range greater than 90 degrees when knee is fully extended

What describes the activity of lifting a dumbbell by flexing the elbow?

Elbow flexors are the agonists; elbow extensors are the antagonists.

What occurs as the flexed elbow lowers the weight back down?

Repeated formation and reformation of cross-bridges that become farther apart as the muscle lengthens

What is an eccentric muscle contraction?

During the movement, the muscle's attachments move apart from each other.

What describes motor unit recruitment when walking up a steep hill?

Larger motor units recruiting type II muscle fibers

Which muscle fiber design produces the greatest forces in the lower extremities?

Pennate

What are the functions of connective tissue within the muscular system?

All of the above (provides structure, serves as conduit for blood vessels and nerves, contributes to force during eccentric contractions)

Which muscle contraction speed produces the greatest muscle tension during elbow flexion and extension?

Slow speed during concentric elbow flexion and eccentric lowering

Why is grip strength reduced when the wrist is flexed?

The finger flexors are actively insufficient and shortened as they pass over a flexed wrist.

What happens when a reflex hammer strikes the patellar tendon?

The quick stretch of the tendon activates the muscle spindle, and the knee extends.

What condition is likely to occur from increased connective tissue due to inactivity or aging?

All of the above (decreased ability to generate power, decreased ability to generate high forces with jumping, stiffness)