AP US History Flashcards

Flashcards for AP US History key terms.

__ was a Scottish-born industrialist who developed the U.S. steel industry and gave away $350 million to worthy cultural and educational causes.

Andrew Carnegie

__ was a Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War and was used to keep Democrats out of public office.

Bloody Shirt

__ was the leader of unemployed workers who marched to Washington demanding a government road-building program and currency inflation.

Jacob Coxey

__ was a major scandal in Grant’s second term, where a construction company bilked the government out of millions in building the transcontinental railroad.

Credit Mobilier

The __ abolished communal ownership on Indian reservations and led to the loss of more than two-thirds of Indians’ remaining lands.

Dawes General Allotment Act

__ was a labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike and ran for president five times as a socialist.

Eugene V. Debs

__ was a political movement to inflate currency by government issuance of $16 of silver for every $1 of gold in circulation, supported by farmers.

Free silver

__ were laws in southern states that exempted voters from literacy tests or poll taxes if their grandfathers had voted as of January 1, 1867.

Grandfather clause

The __ was a farmers’ organization and movement that started as a social/educational association and later organized politically to regulate railroads.

Granger Movement

__ was the only Democrat elected to presidency from 1856 to 1912 and served two nonconsecutive terms.

Grover Cleveland

The __ was a violent incident at a workers’ rally in Chicago’s Haymarket Square that hurt the Knights of Labor.

Haymarket Riot

The __ encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee.

Homestead Act

__ ran for president with the Greenback Party and the Populist Party.

James B. Weaver

__ were laws passed in southern states that segregated the races and were upheld as constitutional by Plessy v. Ferguson.

Jim Crow laws

__ founded Standard Oil Company and created a model for monopolizing an industry and creating a trust.

John D. Rockefeller

The __ was a labor union founded in 1869 that called for one big union and replacement of the wage system with producers’ cooperatives.

Knights of Labor

__ refers to the wave of immigration from the 1880s until the early twentieth century, mainly from southern and eastern Europe.

New immigration

The __ restricted the spoils system and established the U.S. Civil Service Commission to administer a merit system for hiring in government jobs.

Pendleton Act

__ was a Supreme Court case that decided that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes and that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional.

Plessy v. Ferguson

__ was a largely farmers’ party aiming to inflate currency and to promote government action against railroads and trusts.

Populist Party

__ was the labor leader and president of the American Federation of Labor, who believed that craft unionism would gain skilled workers better wages and working conditions.

Samuel Gompers

The __ was the first federal action against monopolies, giving government power to regulate combinations “in restraint of trade.”

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

__ is the application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to the business world and was used to justify ruthless business tactics.

Social Darwinism

__ were Republicans in the 1870s who supported Ulysses Grant and the spoils system.

Stalwarts

The __ linked the nation from coast to coast in 1869 and was supported by the federal government with land grants, loans, and cash.

Transcontinental railroad

The __ was a scandal in New York City where William Marcy Tweed looted millions from the city.

Tweed Ring

__ was a spokesman for agrarian western values and a three-time Democratic presidential candidate who gave the “Cross of Gold” speech.

William Jennings Bryan

__ was a Republican president who represented the conservative Eastern establishment and led the nation during the Spanish-American War.

William McKinley

__ was a naval officer who stressed the need for naval power to drive expansion and establish America’s place in the world as a great power.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

The __ was Theodore Roosevelt’s method for achieving American goals in the Caribbean by using military force.

Big Stick policy

The __ was an uprising against foreigners in China that prompted the Second Open Door Note.

Boxer Rebellion

__ was President Taft’s policy that encouraged American business and financial interests to invest in Latin American countries.

Dollar Diplomacy

__ was a Filipino patriot who led a rebellion against both Spain and the United States, seeking independence for the Philippines.

Emilio Aguinaldo

__ was the naval hero of the Spanish-American War, whose fleet defeated the Spanish at Manila Bay giving the US a claim to the Philippines.

George Dewey

__ argued that the United States was destined to spread over 'every land on the earth's surface' due to the superiority of its democracy.

John Fiske

__ was the secretary of state who authored the Open Door Notes, which attempted to protect American interests in China.

John Hay

__ justified American expansion by blending racist and religious reasons, seeing the Anglo-Saxon race as trained by God to spread Christianity.

Josiah Strong

__ was a U.S. battleship that blew up mysteriously in Havana harbor, helping to cause the Spanish-American War.

The Maine

__ is the popular name for the government American sugar planters in Hawaii set up in 1894 after they overthrew the Hawaiian monarch.

Pineapple Republic

The __ was an amendment added to Cuba’s constitution that provided that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence without U.S. approval.

Platt Amendment

The __ was an addendum to the Monroe Doctrine that asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American countries.

Roosevelt Corollary

The __ pledged that Cuba would be freed and not annexed by the United States as a result of the conflict with Spain.

Teller Amendment

__ led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War and later became president of the United States.

Theodore Roosevelt

The __ ended the Spanish-American War, with Cuba gaining independence and the United States acquiring Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Treaty of Paris

__ was the Spanish governor in charge of suppressing the Cuban revolution, known as the 'Butcher' in America's yellow press.

Valeriano Weyler

__ was president of the United States during the Spanish-American War and was assassinated in 1901.

William McKinley

__ purchased Alaska from Russia, acquired Midway Island, and tried to buy the Virgin Islands in 1867.

William Seward

__ refers to sensational newspaper stories that stirred Americans against Spanish rule in Cuba and proved a force for war.

Yellow Journalism

__ was the attorney general during the Red Scare who led raids against suspected radicals and deported over 500 people.

A. Mitchell Palmer

__ proposed blacks accept social and political segregation in return for economic opportunities and built Tuskegee Institute.

Booker T. Washington

__ was a pro-business president who took over after Harding’s death and restored honesty to government.

Calvin Coolidge

__ led the National American Woman Suffrage Association and organized the League of Women Voters.

Carrie Chapman Catt

__ was the first to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927 and later became a leading isolationist.

Charles Lindbergh

The __ prohibited the sale, transportation, and manufacture of alcohol and was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment.

Eighteenth Amendment

The __ established a national banking system for the first time since the 1830s and created 12 regional banks.

Federal Reserve Act

The __ was a movement of southern, rural blacks to northern cities starting around 1915.

Great Migration

The __ was a black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, expressing feelings and experiences about the injustices of Jim Crow.

Harlem Renaissance

__ was a crusading journalist who wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company.

Ida Tarbell

The __ was a revolutionary industrial union founded in 1905 that worked to overthrow capitalism.

Industrial Workers of the World

__ was a social worker and leader in the settlement house movement, founding Hull House in Chicago.

Jane Addams

The __ was revived in 1915 and opposed blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.

Ku Klux Klan

__ was a leading literary figure of the Harlem Renaissance who helped define the black experience in America.

Langston Hughes

__ was a muckraking journalist who exposed political corruption in the cities, best known for The Shame of Cities.

Lincoln Steffens

__ was a black leader in the early 1920s who appealed to urban blacks with his program of racial self-sufficiency and pan-Africanism.

Marcus Garvey

__ was Theodore Roosevelt's progressive platform that called for a strong federal government to maintain economic competition and social justice.

New Nationalism

The __ granted women the right to vote and capped a movement for women’s rights that dated to the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.

Nineteenth Amendment

The __ regulated the food and patent medicine industries.

Pure Food and Drug Act

The __ was a period of hysteria after World War I over the possible spread of Communism to the United States.

Red Scare

__ was a progressive governor and senator who established the 'Wisconsin idea' that reformed the state through direct primaries and tax reform.

Robert La Follette

__ were Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare and were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status.

Sacco and Vanzetti

The __ was over John Scopes’s teaching of evolution in his biology classroom and pitted fundamentalism against modernism.

Scopes Trial

The __ was a movement that began in Protestant churches to apply the teachings of the Bible to the problems of the industrial age.

Social Gospel

The __ involved Secretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leasing government oil fields to private oil companies.

Tea Pot Dome Scandal

__ wrote The Jungle, which helped convince Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act.

Upton Sinclair

__ challenged Booker T. Washington’s ideas on combating Jim Crow and called for the black community to demand immediate equality.

W.E.B. DuBois

__ was a weak but affable president who allowed his appointees to loot and cheat the government.

Warren Harding

__ viewed trusts as evil and called for their destruction rather than their regulation and led the nation through World War I.

Woodrow Wilson

The __ ended World War I and was harsh enough on Germany to set the stage for Hitler’s rise to power.

Treaty of Versailles

The __ constructed the Treaty of Versailles and included Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Vittorio Orlando.

Big Four

The __ was Woodrow Wilson’s vision for the world after World War I and called for free trade, self-determination, and a League of Nations.

Fourteen Points

__ demanded reservations to the League to maintain congressional authority in foreign affairs, causing the Senate to reject the treaty.

Henry Cabot Lodge

__ was the American commander in France during World War I whose nickname of 'Black Jack' resulted from his command of black troops.

John Pershing

The __ was sunk by a German submarine in May 1915 and was a major crisis between the United States and Germany.

Lusitania

__ led a group of senators who were irreconcilably opposed to joining the League of Nations and promoted traditional isolationism.

William Borah

The __ was a secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the United States.

Zimmermann Note

__ was a labor and civil rights leader who demanded that FDR create a Fair Employment Practices Commission.

A. Philip Randolph

The __ paid farmers not to produce crops to stabilize farm production.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

__ was the first Catholic ever nominated for president and lost in 1928.

Alfred (Al) Smith

The __ was a conservative anti-New Deal organization that criticized Roosevelt’s "dictatorial" policies.

American Liberty League

The __ was a joint statement by Roosevelt and Churchill of principals and goals for an Allied victory in World War II.

Atlantic Charter

The __ was an informal network of black officeholders in the federal government.

Black Cabinet

The __ was a group of jobless World War I veterans who came to Washington to lobby Congress for immediate payment.

Bonus Army

The __ was the name applied to college professors who advised Roosevelt on economic matters early in the New Deal.

Brain Trust

__ was a Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal.

Charles Coughlin

The __ was Roosevelt's proposal to "reform" the Supreme Court by appointing additional justices.

Court-packing plan

__ were Roosevelt’s informal radio addresses throughout his presidency.

Fireside chats

__ was Roosevelt’s secretary of labor and the first woman to serve as a federal Cabinet officer.

Frances Perkins

__ proposed an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan to give every retiree over age 60 $200 per month.

Francis Townsend

__ was president from 1933–1945 and led the country’s recovery from the Depression and to victory in World War II.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

__ became president when FDR died in April 1945 and ordered the use of atomic bombs on Japan.

Harry S. Truman