Altered Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation Flashcards

Cancer

Highly invasive and destructive neoplasms

Neoplasms

Irreversible deviant cell clusters

Carcinogenesis

Origin and development of cancerous neoplasms

Inherited carcinogenesis

5% of cancers, present in oocyte or sperm as they combine to become a zygote

Acquired carcinogenesis

95% of cancer, those that occur after fertilization (both copies of the gene must mutate)

Carcinogens

Sunlight, cigarette smoke, viruses, dietary carcinogens, industrial chemicals, HPV, mildew grain, contact carinogens

Autonomy

Unregulated proliferation of a neoplasm

Anaplasia

Loss of cell differentiation and therefore loss of cell function

Angiogenesis

Development of new blood vessels to meet the extreme nutrient demands of the tumor cell

Benign tumor

Tumors that remain localized and closely resemble the tissue of origin

Malignant tumor

Invasive and destructive tumors that proliferate rapidly, spread to other sites (metastasize), and do not resemble the tissue of origin

Local spread of cancer

Proliferation of the neoplasm within the tissue of origin

Direct extension spread of cancer

Process of the tumor cells moving into adjacent tissues and organs

Seeding spread of cancer

Form of direct extension in which disseminated cells colonize secondary sites

Metastases spread of cancer

Occur when neoplasms are spread to distant sites, often by way of the lymphatics or blood cells

T

Tumor size

TX

Primary tumor cannot be measured

TO

Primary tumor cannot be found

TIS

Carcinoma in situ (early cancer that has not spread to neighboring tissue)

T1, T2, T3, T4

Size or extent of primary tumors

N

Node (lymph)

NX

Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured

NO

No cancer in nearby lymph nodes

N1, N2, N3

Refers to the numbers and location of lymph nodes with cancer

M

Metastasis

MX

Metastasis cannot be measured

MO

Cancer has not spread to other body parts

M1

Cancer has spread to other body parts

Clinical presentation

1. Inflammatory and immune responses

2. Increase metabolic rate

3. Local effects of the neoplastic cells encroaching / obstructing neighboring yissues

4. Systemic effects

Lymphadenopathy

Condition of enlarged lymph nodes throughout the body, is a condition of hyperplasia of the lymph nodes from lymphocyte activity, specifically against the developing neoplasm

Cachexia

Neoplasias can lead to this syndrome, thought to result from early feelings of fullness with eating, coupled with the release of chemical mediators, such as a tumor necrosis factor, that induce a lack of appetite

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Hormonal, neurologic, hematologic, and chemical disturbances in the body, which are not directly related to invasion by the primary tumor or metastasis

Tumor markers

Substances that may be detected in cells or bodily fluids and can provide clues to the presence, extent, and treatment response of certain neoplasms

PSA tumor marker

Prostate-specific antigen, produced by cells in the prostate in low-concentration in men - increase in PSA may be found in the blood of men with inflammation, benign enlargement, and malignant neoplasms in the prostate

CEA tumor marker

Carcinoembryonic antigen is used to monitor colorectal cancer disease and treatment. Can also be elevated by other cancers and inflammation

CA 125 tumor marker

Antigen-expressed tumor markers for ovarian cancer, but can also be used for uterine, cervical, pancreatic, lung, colon, breast, and GI cancers

Cancer treatment

1. Eradicating the neoplasms

2. Controlling the growth and spread

3. Reducing symptoms without curing the cancer

Surgical treatment

Directly removing the tumor, organ, or affected lymph nodes

Chemotherapy treatment

Administering medications systemically to interrupt tumor growth or kill tumor cells

Radiation treatment

Using focal ionizing radiation to damage cell DNA and prevent further replication of the proliferating cells

BMRs treatment

Altering the biological response of the host, is most often achieved through stimulating the host immune response

Hormonal treatment

Manipulating tumors that depend on hormones by inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis and binding to receptor sites

Lung cancer pathophysiology

Smoking and industrial exposures, tumors originate in the epithelial lining of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveloli

Lung cancer clinical manifestations

Persistent cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, SOB

Acute leukemia pathophysiology

Malignant neoplasms of blood and forming organs

Acute

• Lymphocytic (ALL)

• Myelogenous (AML)

Chronic

• Lymphocytic (CLL)

• Myelogenous (CML)

Acute leukemia clinical manifestations

Anemia, bruising, bleeding, bone pain, weight loss, fever, headache, vomitting

Hodgkin lymphoma pathophysiology

Lymphomas are derived from WBC and lymph tissues and form solid organ tumors in the lymph tissue and later in the bone marrow

Hodgkin lymphoma clinical manifestations

Painless, progressive enlargement of cervical lymph nodes. Low-grade fever, night sweats, pruritus, weight loss, fatigue