bio unit 4- cellular respiration

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate. Three phosphate groups form high-energy bonds with one another. Breaking these bonds releases energy.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate. Two phosphate groups.

ADP/ATP Cycle

To turn ADP into ATP requires energy to make a bond.
To turn ATP into ADP releases energy stored in the bond

Glycolysis

Breaks down glucose (a six-carbon sugar) into two pyruvate molecules (three-carbon sugars).
Requires energy (from 2 ATP!) to break down the glucose, but ends up with 4 ATP for a net gain of 2 ATP.
Takes place in cytoplasm.

ATP Synthase

Enzyme that turns ADP in ATP

Pyruvate

The 3-carbon sugars that are made by glycolysis.
Two of them get made from breaking down one glucose

Aerobic respiration

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars- glucose)

Anaerobic respiration

Occurs without oxygen and releases less energy. Also known as fermentation in microorgansisms.

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

Biochemical pathway used to generate energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA (pyruvate). Closed cycle. Takes place in the mitochondria.

Acetyl-COA

Created by pyruvate and enters the Krebs cycle. Carries the carbon atoms of the acetyl group to the krebs cycle to be oxidized for energy production.

ATPase

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in ATP to form ADP

Chemiosmosis

The process of diffusion of ions across selectively permeable membrane. Allows protons to pass through membrane and uses free energy difference to phosphorylate ADP and make ATP

Products of Krebs Cycle

3 NADH + FADH2 + ATP + 2 CO2 (this happens twice so multiply all quantities by 2 = Results in 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 G(A)TP, 4 CO2)

Reactants of Krebs Cycle

Acetyl CoA (+ 3 NAD+ + 2 FAD + ADP + Pi + 2 H2O)

Electron Transport Chain

Series of four protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions. Also couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in the complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.

Reactants of ETC

10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + O2(+ 32 ADP + 32 Pi )

Products of ETC

32 ATP + H20 + FAD + NAD+

FADH2/FAD+

FADH2 is the reduced form of FAD+, an electron carrier. FAD+ is responsible for accepting "high energy" electrons and carrying them ultimately to the electron transport chain where they are used to synthesize ATP molecules.

Reactants of glycolysis

Glucose + 2 ATP (+ 4 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi)

Products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate + 4 NADH + 4 ATP

Fermentation

At the end of glycolysis, if cells don't have enough oxygen this will occur.

Lactic Acid

Substance made from sugars in milk by the action of certain enzymes. Forms when the body breaks down carbohydrates for energy when oxygen levels are low.

Lactic acid fermentation

Metabolic process by which glucose is converted into cellular energy without oxygen. (Animals/humans) Produces 2 ATP and lactic acid.

Alcohol Fermentation

Type of anaerobic respiration accomplished by yeast. Produces 2 ATP and ethanol.

Mesophyll

Middle layer of the plant's leaf where photosynthesis takes place

Stomata

Holes in the bottom layer where CO2 is taken in and O@ is released. Will open or close depending on conditions outside.

Chloroplasts

where photosynthesis occurs

Thylakoids

Stacks of disc shapes, inside chloroplasts.Light dependent reactions occur here.

Chlorophyll

Inside thylakoids, why plants are green

Granum

Stack of thylakoids

Stroma

Space surrounding granum (like cytoplasm). Calvin cycle (light independent reactions) occur here.

Pigment

Molecule that absorbs light

Photosystem 1

**As electrons enter here, they get hit by another photon and enter another high energy state. As it decreases to a lower energy state, that energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space.  Large concentrations of hydrogen protons in the thylakoid want to go back into the stroma, this drives ATP synthase and creates ATP.** 

Photosystem 2

The first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane.

Photon (light energy) enter photosystem 2 and excite the electrons in chlorophyll molecules. Electrons are in a high energy state, as they go from molecule to molecule they decrease in energy state. As this happens hydrogen ions (protons) get pumped into the thylakoid space.

NADPH/NADP+

Cofactor used in Calvin Cycle. donates the hydrogen (H) and associated electrons, oxidizing the molecule to create ___+. (P = plant)

Reactants of light dependent reactions

sun and water

Products of light dependent reactions

ATP, NADPH, O2

Reactants of calvin cycle

ATP, NADPH, CO2

Products of calvin cycle

G3P, ADP, NADP+ (six times)