Questioned Documents Midterm

Handwriting

is the result of a very complicated series of facts, being used as whole combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort. Some defined is visible speech”.

Ratio

the relationship between the tall and short letter

Pen Pressure

it is the average force in which the pen makes contract with the paper, or the usual force involved.

Extensor muscles

push up the pen to form the upward stokes.

Flex muscles

which push the pen to form the  downward strokes.

Line quality

refers to the visible record in the written stroke of the basic movement and manner of holding the writing instrument.

Cursive

connected; writing in which one letter is joined to the next.

Script

separated or printed writing

BLOCK

all CAPITAL LETTERS

near the motor area of the cortex

responsible for the finger movement involved in handwriting.

Four groups of muscles are employed in writing

• fingers

• wrist

• elbow

• shoulder

motor coordination

The delicate way in which the various muscles used in writing work together to produced written form is known

Abnormal conditions such that causes Variation

• physical injury

• toxic effects

• inebriation’s

• emotion

• deception.

Position of letter

all the letters are to be found initially, medially and finally. The fact of a different position, especially in combination with another and particular letter, may modify any of them in some way or another.

School Copybook Form

refers to the standard of handwriting instruction taught in particular school. Classes of copybook depend on the standard school copy adopted by writer.

Form

this refers to the shape or design of the individual letters

Slant

it is an angle or inclination of the axis of letters relative to the baseline.

Size

the relative extent of something; a thing's overall dimensions or magnitude; how big something is.

Proportion

these are Normal, Compressed, and Extended.

Normal

proportion is used when the writing space is adequate

Compressed

when the space is limited

Extended

when the space is too wide to write on.

Initial Strokes

found at the beginning of letters and words

Ratio

the relationship between the tall and short letter

Connecting Strokes

a continuous line joining two adjacent letters or words in cursive writing

Terminal Strokes

are ending strokes on letters and words.

Pen-Lift

it is an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the pen from the paper.

Hiatus

is a gap between strokes due speed in writing and defective writing instrument.

Lateral Spacing

the amount of space left between letters.

Shading

• it is the widening of the ink strokes  with increase pressure on the paper surface.

• is the conscious or voluntary act of applying pressure to the pen while completing certain strokes

Alignment

is the relation of the parts of the whole line of writing or line of individual letters in words or signature to the baseline.

Pen Pressure

 it is the average force in which the pen makes contract with the paper, or the usual force involved.

Tremor

means “deviation from uniform strokes due to lack of smoothness perfectly apparent even without magnification”.

Rubric

this refers to additional unnecessary strokes not necessary to legibility of letter forms or writing but incorporated in writing for decorative or ornamental purpose.

Arch

any arcade form in the body of the letter

Beard

rudimentary curved initial strokes

Blunt Ending or Beginning

results of the drawing process in forgery.

Buckle Knot

the horizontal and looped strokes that are often used to complete such letters.

Central Part of the Body.

the part of a letter ordinary formed by a small circle that usually lies on the line writing.

Eyelet

the small loop formed by strokes that extend in divergent direction.

Foot of the Letter

the lower portion of any down stroke which terminates on the baseline

Diacritic

an element added to complete certain letters

Hump

the rounded outside of the bend, crook or curve in small letters

Hook

the bend, crook or curved on the inner side of the bottom loop or curve of small letter.

Spur

short, horizontal beginning strokes

Knob

rounded appearance at the beginning or ending strokes.

Main Stroke

downward strokes of any letters.

Whirl

the upward strokes usually on letters that have long loops.

Terminal Spur

an upward horizontal or downward final stroke usually seen in small letters.

Retracing

a stroke that goes back over another writing stroke.

Retouching or Patching

stroke that goes back to repair a defective portion of writing.

Staff

backspace of a letter

Baseline

rules of imaginary line where the writing rest

Pen Emphasis  

it is the periodic increase in pressure of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with increased pressure.

Finger Movement

the thumb, the first, second and slightly the third fingers are in actual motion. Most usually employed by children.

Hand Movement

produced by the movement or action of the whole hand with the wrist as the center of attraction.

Forearm Movement

the movement of the shoulder, hand and arm with the support of the table.

Whole Forearm Movement

the action of the entire arm without resting. i.e.,m blackboard writing.

Rhythm

is a succession of connected, uniform strokes working in full coordination. This is manifested by a clear-cut accentuated strokes, which increase and decrease in which like perfect cones.

Lack of Rhythm

characterized by a succession of awkward, independent, poorly directed and disconnected motions.

Forged

in which the attempt is made to discard one's own writing and assume the exact writing personality of another person.

Disguised

which the writer seeks to hide his own personality without adapting that of another

Writing Habits

writing by all its thousand of peculiarities in combination is the most personal and individuals thing that a man does that leaves a record which can be seen and studies. This is what constitutes individuality in handwriting.

Loose writing

this is characterized by too much freedom of movement and lack of regulation This is noticed especially in tall letters forms.

Restrained writing

there is lack of freedom and inhibited movements It gives you the impression that every stroke was made with great difficulty This writing is small There is distortion of letter forms which may lead to illegibility.

Uniformity

does the questioned writing have smooth, rhythmic and free-flowing appearance?

Irregularities

does the questioned writing appear awkward, ill-formed slowly drawn

Size & Proportion

determine the height of the over-all writing as well as the height of the individual

Alignment

are they horizontally aligned, or curving, uphill or downhill

Spacing

determine the general spacing between letters, spacing between words. Width of the left and right margins, paragraph indentations

Degree of Slant

are they uniform or not.

Movement in Handwriting

1. Finger Movement

2. Hand Movement

3. Forearm Movement

4. Whole Forearm Movement

Type of Letter Connections

1. arcade

2. garland

3. angular connective form

4. the threadlike connective form

Points to Consider in Examining a Extended Handwriting

1. uniformity

2. irregularities

3. size and proportion

4. alignment

5. spacing

6. degree of slant

7. formation and designs of letter

8. initial, connecting and final strokes