International Relations Final Quizlet

less developed countries (LDCs)

"Countries at a relatively low level of economic development."

infrastructure

"Basic structures necessary for social activity, such as transportation and telecommunications networks, and power and water supply."

Infrastructure Context

a way that domestic factors can affect development. Can be compared with other government policies like the rule of law and regime type which also are domestic factors that can affect development

Infrastructure Example

Transportation, Hospitals, roads, schools, telecommunication networks

primary products

"Raw materials and agricultural products, typically unprocessed or only slightly processed. The primary sectors are distinguished from secondary sectors (industry) and tertiary sectors (services)."

primary products Context

a way international trade affects development compared with oligopoly and terms of trade

primary products Example

Cocoa, Beans, Maize, Rice, etc.

oligopoly

"A situation in which a market or industry is dominated by a few firms."

Oligopoly Context

A way international trade affects development compared with primary products and terms of trade

Oligopoly Example

In the video game industry microsoft, sony, and nintendo dominate the market

terms of trade

"The relationship between a country’s export prices and its import prices."

terms of trade Context

A way international trade affects development compared with primary products and oligopoly

terms of trade Example

A developing country such as Gabon’s terms of trade are particularly important in terms of determining how the economy responds to market fluctuations.

import-substituting industrialization (ISI)

"A set of policies, pursued by most developing countries from the 1930s through the 1980s, to reduce imports and encourage domestic manufacturing. often through trade barriers, subsidies to manufacturing, and state ownership of basic industries"

import-substituting industrialization (ISI) Context

During the 1930s to 1980s, developed countries were at war and could not be concerned with the well-being of developing countries. To combat this, developing countries looked inward to spur economic growth without help of developed nations. This can be compared to EOI. did not work well

import-substituting industrialization (ISI) Example

Strategy by Brazil, Argentina in 1960s to spur development.

export-oriented industrialization (EOI)

"A set of policies, originally pursued starting in the late 1960s by several East Asian countries, to spur manufacturing for export, often through subsidies and incentives for export production."

export-oriented industrialization (EOI) Context

During the late 20th century the East Asian Tigers such as China, South Korea rapidly exported technology to spur development in response to developed countries inability to support them. This can be compared to ISI. Worked well

export-oriented industrialization (EOI) Example

China/South Korea rapid development through exports of mass technology

Washington Consensus

"An array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed-country economists and policymakers starting in the 1980s. including trade liberalization, privatization, openness to foreign investment, and restrictive monetary and fiscal policies."

Washington Consensus Context

Relates to globalization as it facilitated economic globalization by promoting free markets and financial integration, but also sparked debates on its role in deepening global inequalities. Also relates to LDC’s as they are the ones that implemented these policy recommendations

Group of 77

"A coalition of developing countries in the United Nations, formed in 1964 with 77 members; it has grown to over 130 but retains the original name."

Group of 77 Context

After WWII African, Asian, and caribbean countries banded together to create the non-aligned movement, pledging not to ally themselves with the American lead west or Soviet lead east. Eventually these relations gave rise to the group of 77. Relates to other international cooperation organizations like NATO.

commodity cartels

"Associations of producers of commodities that restrict world supply and thereby cause the price of the goods to rise."

commodity cartels Context

Relates to globalization by influencing global trade flows, prices, and economic stability through coordinated production and pricing strategies. Relates to LDC’s as they attempted to create commodity cartels to make up for international inequalities

commodity cartels Examples

OPEC

Terrorism

"premeditated threat or use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or subnational groups to obtain a political or social objective through intimidation of a larger audience."

Terrorism Context

This is a type of way for a nonstate actor to use violence to achieve a political goal. Can be compared to a civil war which is distinguished by its participants not by nature of its targets

Terrorism Example

9/11 Attacks

Rationality

purposive behavior or strategies by which individuals or groups pursue their interests

Rationality Context

Fits into a broader debate of whether terrorists are rational actors. Terrorists might be seen as irrational because the costs outweigh the benefits, it is irrational to be a suicide bomber, and that some terrorist attacks seem to be random

Rationality Example

Al Qaeda bombed Spanish trains in the 1990s with the rational desire of Spanish removal of troops from their land.

Extremists

actors whose interests are not widely shared by others; individuals or groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they make

Extremists Context

Fits into the broader context of why someone might become a terrorist. An extremist can be contrasted with a moderate, who lies in the middle of the bell curve of public opinion

Extremists Example

ISIS/Hamas

Terrorism From Incomplete Information

Incomplete information is a bargaining barrier between targets and terrorist groups as it is often difficult for targets to gain information. Terrorist organizations have an incentive to misrepresent their capabilities

Terrorism From Incomplete Information Context

Fits into the context of terrorism as a bargaining failure. Can be compared to terrorism from commitment problems and terrorism from indivisibility

Terrorism From Incomplete Information Example

Terrorist organizations such as ISIS usually use cell networks to ensure they are hidden and give as little away as possible.

Terrorism from Commitment problems

Terrorism as a commitment problem refers to the difficulty in ensuring that both terrorists and their targets can credibly commit to peace agreements, as terrorist groups struggle to control internal factions and disarm, while targets fear that concessions will lead to further demands and encourage new adversaries.

Terrorism from Commitment problems Context

Fits into the context of terrorism as a bargaining failure. Can be compared to terrorism from incomplete information and terrorism from indivisibility.

Terrorism from Commitment problems Example

Israel-Hamas are unable to come to an agreement due to the fact that Israel is unaware of whether Hamas will truly come to a peaceful conclusion.

Terrorism from Indivisibility problems

Terrorism as an indivisibility problem occurs when the goals of the terrorist group and the target are seen as non negotiable or all-or-nothing, making compromise impossible

Terrorism from Indivisibility problems Context

Fits into the context of terrorism as a bargaining failure. Can be compared to terrorism from incomplete information and terrorism from commitment problems

Terrorism from Indivisibility problems Example

Religious Territories such as Jerusalem have caused issues between countries in the Middle East due to its historical significance.

Coercion

a strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other actors in order to induce a change in their behavior. Operates through costly signaling and the threat of future costs

Coercion Context

Strategy of violence for terrorists. Can be compared with provocation, spoiling, outbidding

Coercion Example

Al Qaeda bombing Spanish buses in the early 2000s to get them to remove troops from Iraq

Provocation

a strategy of terrorist attacks intended to provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terroristsʼ home society or in other sympathetic audiences

Provocation Context

Strategy of violence for terrorists. Can be compared with coercion, spoiling, outbidding

Provocation Example

US invasion of Iraq caused sympathetic support for Al Qaeda as it was deemed that the US may have hate towards Muslims.

Spoiling

a strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terroristsʼ home society

Spoiling Context

Strategy of violence for terrorists. Can be compared with provocation, coercion, outbidding

Spoiling Example

Hamas spoiling prospective Peace between Israel-Palestine

Outbidding

A strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate superior capability and commitment relative to other groups devoted to the same cause

Outbidding Context

Strategy of violence for terrorists. Can be compared with provocation, spoiling, coercion

Outbidding Example

ISIS demonstrating superiority to

Terrorist’s Dilemma

Organizations have to balance the need to recruit members with the need for secrecy

Lone Wolf

Attacks by people who are not part of the organization

Deterrence

a strategy to preserve the status quo by threatening challengers with unacceptable costs.

Deterrence Context

Way in which a country might prevent terrorism. Can be compared with preemption, defensive measures, criminalization

Preemption

Strategy for states to take the initiative and attempt to disrupt or destroy terrorists and their networks before they attack.

Preemption Context

Way in which a country might prevent terrorism. Can be compared with deterrence, defensive measures, criminalization

Defensive measures

Actions taken by states to prevent terrorist attacks by increasing the costs and difficulty for attackers, such as enhanced security screenings, physical barriers, and fortified structures.

Defensive measures Context

Way in which a country might prevent terrorism. Can be compared with preemption, deterrence, criminalization

Criminalization

States can criminalize terrorism and pursue specific individuals and groups for the attacks they have planned or carried out.

Criminalization Context

Way in which a country might prevent terrorism. Can be compared with preemption, defensive measures, deterrence

Victory

terrorist group ceases to exist because they achieved their goals

Victory Context

A way in which terrorist groups end. This is the least common pathway. Can be compared with transformation, repression by state, decapitation, negotiations, or loss of popular support

Victory Example

uMkhonto we Sizwe, military wing of the African National Congress in South Africa

Transformation

group becomes something else

Transformation Context

A way in which terrorist groups end. Can be compared with victory, repression by state, decapitation, negotiations, or loss of popular support

Repression by the State

State military effort to eliminate the organization

Repression by the State Context

A way in which a terrorist group ends. Poor track record, often ends in bloodshed and destruction. Can be compared with victory, transformation, decapitation, negotiations, or loss of popular support

Repression by the State Example

Russiaʼs campaign against separatists from Chechnya, starting in 1999

Leadership Removal (Decapitation)

Attacking a group by removing its leader, often done through assassination

Leadership Removal (Decapitation) Context

A way in which a terrorist group ends. Can be compared with victory, transformation, repression by the state, negotiations, or loss of popular support

Leadership Removal (Decapitation) Example

Sendero Luminoso in Peru (“Shining Pathˮ) - arrest of Abimael Guzmán in 1992

Negotiations

Terrorist groups negotiate a compromise with the state

Negotiations Context

A way in which a terrorist group ends. Very rare as countries often don’t negotiate with terrorists. Can be compared with victory, transformation, repression by the state, decapitation, or loss of popular support

Negotiations Example

Irish Republican Army/ Sinn Fein and the Good Friday Accords, 1998

Loss of Popular Support

Terrorist violence turns the public away

Loss of Popular Support Context

A way in which a terrorist group ends. Very rare as countries often don’t negotiate with terrorists. Can be compared with victory, transformation, repression by the state, decapitation, or negotiations

Loss of Popular Support Example

Real IRAʼs 1998 bomb in Omagh

comparative advantage

"The ability of a country or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than the other goods or services that it can produce, such that its resources are most efficiently employed in this activity. The comparison is to the efficiency of other economic activities that the actor might undertake, given all the products it can produce—not to the efficiency of other countries or firms."; countries should do what they do best

comparative advantage Context

one of the positive aspects of trade; a core concept of the economics of trade

comparative advantage Example

Brazil producing coffee, US producing technology

absolute advantage

"The ability of a country or firm to produce more of a particular good or service than other countries or firms do with the same amount of effort and resources."

absolute advantage Context

bruh idk, like another principle of trade

absolute advantage Example

Saudi Arabia producing Oil

Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory

"The theory that a country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production in which it is well endowed. For example, a labor-rich country will export goods that make intensive use of labor."

Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory Context

factors of production

Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory Example

Indonesia Textile Industry

protectionism

"use of specific measures to shield domestic producers from imports."

Protectionism Context

one example of government policy meant to control and contain trade

Protectionism Example

Trump’s tarriffs

trade barriers

"Government limitations on the international exchange of goods. Examples include tariffs, quantitative restrictions (quotas), import licenses, requirements that governments buy only domestically produced goods, and health and safety standards that discriminate against foreign goods."

trade barriers Context

an example of trade protectionism; producers gain and consumers lose; increases inefficiency

trade barriers Example

tarriffs

tariff

"A tax imposed on imports. Tariffs raise the domestic price of the imported good and may be applied for the purpose of protecting domestic producers from foreign competition."

Tariff Context

an example of the trade barriers