SF MODULE 3

Case fan

A case fan makes the cooling process more efficient.

Heat sink + fan

removes CPU heat

GPU fans

dedicated cooling for graphics

Water cooling

advanced system for high‑performance PCs

Cooling systems

• Heat damages components

• Case fan

• Heat sink

• GPU fans

• Water cooling

ROM

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM.

RAM

• Random access memory

Temporary storage (volatile)

More RAM = better performance

DRAM

Dynamic Random Access Memory

• main memory, needs refreshing

SRAM

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

• cache memory, much faster than DRAM and does not have to be refreshed as often

FPM

Fast Page Mode RAM

• is a memory supports paging.

EDO

Extended Data Out RAM

is a memory that overlaps consecutive data access. These speed ups the access to retrieve data from memory.

SDRAM

Synchronous DRAM

DDR

Double Data Rate 1 to 3 and RAM Bus DRAM

• evolving speed & efficiency

Types of Ram

DRAM – Dynamic random access memory

SRAM – Static Random access memory

FPM - Fast page mode RAM

EDO - Extended Data out RAM

SDRA - Synchronous DRAM

DDR - Double date rate

RDRAM - Ram bus DRAM

DIP

Dual inline package

• individual memory chip

Memory Modules

DIP (Dual inline package) - individual memory chip

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module):- Small circuit board that holds several memory chips.

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module): - A circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR

RIMM (RAM Bus Inline Memory Module): holds RDRAM chips.

SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM): compact version for laptops and printers

Error Checking

Memory errors occur when the data is not stored correctly in the RAM chips

ECC

(detects multiple bit errors and corrects a single bit error in memory)

Adapter Cards

Increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing

malfunctioning ports.

Examples of adapter cards

Adapter Cards

Capture Card – Sends video signals to a computer for recording to the hard drive.

TV Tuner – Allows a PC to watch and record TV signals from cable, satellite, or antenna.

Video Adapter – Provides graphics capability.

Modem Adapter – Connects a computer using a phone line.
SCSI Adapter – Connects SCSI devices, such as hard drives or tape drives, to a computer.

RAID Adapter – Connects multiple hard drives for redundancy and improved performance.

USB, Parallel, and Serial Ports – Ports used to connect various external devices.

Storage drives

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) – Storage device using removable 3.5-inch floppy disks with 1.44 MB capacity.

Flash Drive – Removable/portable storage device that connects to a USB port

Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – Magnetic storage device used for permanent data storage. Usually configured as the C: drive in Windows.

Multiple HDDs – Can be added to increase storage capacity.

Traditional HDD – Uses magnetic storage, motors, and moving parts.

SSD – Uses non-volatile flash memory, providing faster access, higher reliability, and lower power usage.

Optical Drive – Storage device that uses lasers to read data from optical media.

• CD – Approximately 700 MB

• DVD – 4.3 GB single-layer, 8.5 GB dual-layer.

• BD (Blu-ray) – 25 GB single-layer, 50 GB dual-layer.

Drive interfaces

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) – Also called ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment); an early interface used to connect computers and hard disk drives.

EIDE / ATA‑2 – supports larger drives, DMA

PATA – parallel ATA

SATA – serial ATA, 7‑pin connector

eSATA – external SATA, hot‑swappable

RAID

provides a way to store data across multiple hard disks for redundancy. To the operating system

How raid stores data on various disks

Parity – A method used to detect data errors.

Striping – A method used to write data across multiple drives.

Mirroring - A method of storing duplicate data to a second drive.

Serial Ports and Cables

• A serial port can be either a DV-9, as shown, or a DB-25 male connector.

• Serial ports transmit one bit of data at a time.

• To connect a serial device, such as a modem or printer, a serial cable must be used.

• A serial cable has a maximum length of 50 feet (15.2 m).

Ports and connectors

Serial Port – DB-9 / DB-25, 1 bit at a time
USB Port – Hot-swappable, supports up to 127 devices
FireWire – High-speed, supports up to 63 devices
Parallel Port – 8 bits at a time, IEEE 1284
SCSI Port – DB-25, 50-pin, 68-pin, supports 15 devices
Network Port – RJ-45, Ethernet speeds from 10 Mbps–1 Gbps
PS/2 Port – Keyboard