AICE Environmental Management Midterm

precipitation

any form of water from clouds

where are the major oceans?

WTR: PAAIPS acronym. look at how the oceans are lined up (pacific, atlantic, arctic, indian, pacific again, and then southern at the bottom)

precipitation

any form of water from clouds

where are the major oceans?

WTR: PAAIPS acronym. look at how the oceans are lined up (pacific, atlantic, arctic, indian, pacific again, and then southern at the bottom)

high income country

gross national income above 13000 (US)

sustainability

ability to meet needs of present w/o compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs

sustainable management

using resources in sustainable/nonwasteful manner so future gens can use it too
(not wasting water)

condensation

gas -> liquid

interception

water can't reach surface bc trees/grass
WTR: trees/grass intercept water

infiltration

water on ground surface enters soil

low income country

gross national income under 1k (afghan)

middle income country

gross national income btwn 1000-13000 (egypt)

surface run-off

water stays on top of land & flows back to source

through flow

water moves thru soil
WTR: THROUGH soil, water FLOWS

groundwater flow

water flows beneath earths surface

transpiration

water evaporates from plant leaves

earth's major atmosphere gases

WTR: "NOCAWT" mnemonic
nitrogen, 78%
oxygen, 21%
carbon, 0.037%
argon
water vapor
trace gases

atmosphere layers (farthest -> closest)

WTR: TMST mnemonic - the mess started there
thermosphere
mesosphere
stratosphere (know ozone layer is here)
troposphere

ozone layer

absorb portion of sun's UV rays, prevents skin cancer/cataracts

natural greenhouse effect

1. UV rays goes thru atmosphere & absorbed by earth's surface
2. some energy goes back into atmosphere as infrared rays
3. greenhouse gases absorbs this & prevents from leaving atmosphere

biome

broad area of similar ecosystems/soils/climate, spread out around world based on latitude (tundra desert)

biosphere

entire earth
WTR: earth is a SPHERE

ecosystem

place where organisms meet needs, food/water/shelter

habitat

natural env where organism lives

population

num of individuals of same species/area/time

community

all populations living in same population/time

niche

organism role in ecosystem

biotic examples

- producers
- consumers (1st 2nd 3rd)
- decomposers

abiotic examples

- temperature
- humidity
- water
- oxygen
- salinity
- light
- pH

biotic interactions

- competition (interspecific & intraspecific)
- grazing
- predation

grazing

wild herbivores eat grass
WTR: graz = grass

biotic factors affecting organism size/diversity

- disease
- predation
- parasitism
- competition

photosynthesis defintion

plants synthesise glucose using carbon dioxide, water and energy from sunlight

photosynthesis word formula

carbon dioxide + water →light→ glucose + oxygen

photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O →light→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis rate limiting factors

- water/light availability
- CO2 concentration

trophic levels

feeding levels within food chains

food chain

energy transferred btwn organisms, starting w/ producer

how much energy is lost in food chains?

90%

aerobic respiration

chemical reactions in cells, break down glucose molecules & release energy, carbon dioxide, water

aerobic respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

aerobic respiration word formula

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

dependent variable

outcome

independent variable

manipulated

factors influencing whether to use random/systematic strategy

- size
- ease of access
- environment knowledge

frame quadrat

square frame divided into small grid. species type & number in each grid is recorded.

frame quadrat pros & cons

- easy to collect sample
- easy to estimate size
- can be time-consuming
- may not be evenly spaced

point quadrat

frame w/ horizontal bar & set intervals for points in ground. each plant touching point is recorded.
- accurate bc u can see the plant touching point
- easy to collect data
- can damage plant
- time consuming

pitfall traps

dig hole ground lvl, put antifreeze cup & funnel before covering w/ tarp
- estimate of insect population
- insects wont escape antifreeze
- predators can eat insects
- hard to identify insects

sweep nets

catch insects in areas of long grass
- time consuming
- can damage plants
- easy to do
- cheap

beating trays

lightly hit branch and collect falling insect w/ tray
- cheap
- easy to do
- can damage plant
- time consuming

kick sampling

kick water, hold net opposite flow & catch any organisms flying out.
- easy to get large sample
- good for deep waters
- species can be stuck to rocks
- small species can be missed

light traps

get flying-organisms attracted to light like moths
- gets certain species
- easy to do
- some insects attract light @ long range, not short
- temp/humidity can limit species caught

capture-mark-recapture/

collect sample, mark w paint, release. after some time, collect more & see how many marked.
- shows population growth
- estimate large populations
- increases predation
- paint can kill

secchi disc

circular disk to measure turbidity. lower into water until invisible, & depth = turbidity.
- easy to do
- cheap
- measured w/ eyes, vulnerable to research bias
- can be time consuming

lincoln index

N = ( Trial 1 * Trial 2 ) / Marked
KNOW WHAT THE FORMULA MEANS

ACFOR

abundant: 80-99%
common: 60-79%
frequent: 40-59%
occasional: 20-39%
rare: 0-19%

frequency

# of times plant shows up in # of quadrants as %

data collections w/ technology

- geospatial systems
- satellite sensors
- radio trackin
- computer modelling
- crowd sourcing

big data

data so huge that traditional data processing apps can't work

benefits & lims of big data analysis

- amt/type of data stored
- speed which new data generates
- data's trustworthiness
- ways data can be used

factors influencing population density/distribution

- environmental
- economic
- social
- political
- historical

population pyramid stages

1: expanding (preindustrial)
2: expanding (agricultural)
3: stationary (industrial)
4: contracting (post-industrial)

factors affecting population size/composition

- birth rates (less contraceptives)
- death rates (less healthcare/sanitation)
- migration rates (living standards)

dependency ratio

(population 0-14) + (population 65+) * 100 divided by population 15-64

why HIC/LIC have diff pop pyramids

WTR: compare the common cultural factors between HICs & LICs, for example:
- sanitation/hygiene
- education for women
- contraceptives
- healthcare
- gender equality
- living standards
- early marriage

impacts of aging populations

WTR: LHPP acronym: lets have a pool party!
- lower tax
- higher pension spending
- pressure on healthcare
- pressure to raise retirement age

strategies to manage a changing population

WTR: HOCEPA mnemonic (healthcare, opportunities, contraceptives, education, pronatalist/antinatalist)

- availablity/education of contraception
- education/opportunities for women
- improved healthcare
- pronatalist/antinatalist policies