chemistry

alkane

C-C

alkene

C=C

alkyne

C≡C

haloalkane

C-X (Cl,Br,F,I)

alcohol

C-OH

amine

C-NH2

carboxylic acid

C=O-OH

order of families in low to high MP and BP

carboxylic acid, alcohol, amine, haloalkane, alkane, alkene, alkyne

polar functional groups

alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids

longer carbon chain

higher boiling and melting point (higher attraction between neighbours, higher energy to break apart), lower solubility (as hydrocarbon part dominates the molecule)

polar functional groups

higher melting and boiling point, higher solubility (water dissolves polar functional groups)

tests to see families in colourless solutions

1) add water- hydrocarbons insoluble so two layers form while others dissolve 2) heat- shorter chains boil first

isomer

same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms

rules for a geometric isomer

1) carbon double bond, 2) each double bonded carbon must have two different functional groups

why geometric isomers different?

single bond can freely rotate, allowing the two ends of the compound to move freely into other arrangements. A double bond is locked, meaning the CH3 groups on each side are either fixed on same side (cis) or different sides (trans)

hydrocarbons solubility

NO POLAR GROUP-insoluble

alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids solubility

POLAR GROUPS-soluble

alkane subsitution

UV light