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Thermochemistry
The study of heat changes that accompany chemical reactions and physical changes.
Endothermic Process
A process that absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in a decrease in temperature of the surroundings.
Exothermic Process
A process that releases heat to the surroundings, resulting in an increase in temperature of the surroundings.
Heat
A form of energy measured in joules that can be transferred between a system and its surroundings. The chemical reaction is the system and the solution is the universe/surrounding.
Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
The Kelvin temperature scale is proportional to average KE.
The flow of heat energy s caused by temperature difference.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred; the internal energy of a system changes through heat and work.
Internal Energy (∆E)
The total energy of a system, including both potential and kinetic energy, calculated by ∆E = q + w.
Thermal Equilibrium
A state in which two systems in thermal contact reach the same temperature and no heat transfer occurs.
Enthalpy (H)
The total heat content of a system; the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.
Enthalpy Change (∆H)
The amount of heat absorbed or released during a reaction at constant pressure.
Ionic Bond
A type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Lattice Enthalpy
The energy associated with the separation of ions in an ionic solid into gaseous ions.
Phase Change
A transition of matter from one state to another, such as from solid to liquid or liquid to gas.
Heat Transfer
The process by which heat energy is exchanged between systems due to a temperature difference.
Particle Collisions
Interactions between particles that result in the transfer of energy, leading to heat exchange.
Ion-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule.
Kinetic Energy (KE)
The energy of motion of particles in a substance; related to temperature.
Melting
An endothermic phase change where a solid absorbs energy and turns into a liquid.
Vaporization
An endothermic phase change where a liquid absorbs energy and turns into a gas.
Freezing
An exothermic phase change where a liquid releases energy and turns into a solid.
Condensation
An exothermic phase change where a gas releases energy and turns into a liquid.
Sublimation
An endothermic process where a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid.
Condensation
An exothermic process where a gas turns into a liquid.
The Dissolution Process
The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent, which can be either endothermic or exothermic depending on the interactions involved.
