Kaarten: Writting, craft & critical thinking | Quizlet

Essay:

structured written argument or analysis.

Genre:

category defined by conventions.

Exposition:

explanatory writing.

Argumentation:

practice of making arguments.

Writing process:

Planning, drafting, revising cycle.

Recursive writing:

non-linear writing process.

Brainstorming:

idea generation technique.

Drafting:

producing initial versions.

Revising:

rethinking content and structure.

Editing:

correcting language and mechanics.

Reverse outline:

outlining after drafting, key points

Text Structure

Thesis statement:

central claim.

Text Structure

Topic sentence:

paragraph's main idea.

Text Structure

Controlling idea:

idea governing development.

Text Structure:

Unity:

focus on one main idea.

Text Structure

Development:

elaboration of ideas.

Text Structure

Coherence:

An essay has coherence if readers can see the relations among parts and move easily from one thought to the next

Text Structure

Problem statement:

articulation of issue.

Text Structure

Angle:

specific perspective.

Text Structure

Lead:

opening that engages reader.

Text Structure

Entry point:

access point into argument.

Language & Meaning

Denotation:

literal meaning.

Language & Meaning

Connotation:

associated meaning.

Language & Meaning

Euphemism:

A word or expression that is used instead of a more direct expression, to avoid negative connotations.

Example: bombing vs pacifying

Language & Meaning

Prejudicial language:

language reinforcing bias.

Language & Meaning

Jargon:

The special vocabulary used by a certain group. words can often be difficult for others to understand.

Trope:

figurative expression.

Idiom:

fixed expression.

Ambiguity:

multiple meanings.

Referential ambiguity:

unclear reference.

Language & Meaning

Grammatical ambiguity:

ambiguity from syntax.

Definiendum:

the word being defined.

Ex: An elephant is a large gray animal. the word"elephant" is the definiendum, and everything after the word "is" is the definiens

Definiens:

The word or group of words that does the defining.

Ex: An elephant is a large gray animal. the word "elephant" is the definiendum, and everything after the word "is" is the definiens

Reportive definition:

Reportive definitions identify or report how a word is generally used

Stipulative definition:

Where the speaker specifies how they're using a word.

Ex: when using the word wealthy the author may specify that the term wealthy is someone with more than one million dollars

Definition by example:

A definition that gives examples of the definiendum inorder to illustrate its meaning.

Example: if someone were to ask what a bitch is they might say: De Wever, Trump, Netanyahu, Bouchez....

Ostensive definition:

A definition of a word given by a non-verbal action or by bringing someone's attention to an object the word refers to.

Ex:when you define the word "jump" by jumping.

Ex: pointing to a cat to define the word "cat".

Essential definition:

Definition that needs to be given in order for the reader to understand the rest of the text.

Circular definition:

self-referential definition.

Ex: "A student is someone who studies"

Obscure definition:

unclear or vague definition.

Analytical statement:

Statement that is categorically true solely based on the words involved

Ex: all bachelors are unmarried men

Synthetic statement:

A statement whose truth or falsity is not solely dependent upon the words involved.

Ex: the sun is out today

Contradictory statement:

Statement that says two things that cannot both be true.

Conditional statement:

if-then form.

Qualified statement:

A statement that doesn't convey certainty about what is true.

Ex: it might snow this weekend.

Unqualified statement:

A statement that conveys certainty about what is true.

Ex: It will definitely snow this weekend

Non-statement:

cannot be true or false.

Tautology:

Statement that is always true

(more AI explenation)

A statement or expression that is true by necessity or by its logical form, often because it repeats the same idea in different words.

Example: Either you win or you don't win.

Scope:

range of application.

Logical Contingency

truth dependent on circumstances.

Example "It is raining outside." This statement could be true, depending on the weather.

Warranted assertion:

justified claim.

Mirror of nature:

view of knowledge as passive reflection.

(AI) The traditional philosophical idea is that the mind or knowledge works like a mirror that reflects reality exactly as it is.

Performativity:

Performativity is the idea that language or actions don't just describe reality—they create or bring about what they express.

Example, saying "I apologize" or "I promise" actually performs the act of apologizing or promising.

Multi-vocality:

presence of multiple voices or meanings.

Multi-vocal term:

term with several meanings.

Verbal dispute:

disagreement over words, not substance.

Sentence fragment:

incomplete sentence.

Pronoun reference:

clarity of pronoun antecedents.

Example: I am studying for this exam, and It is really boring. 'It' refers to"studying for this exam" 'Studying for this exam' is the antecedent and 'it' is the pronoun.

Plagiarism:

presenting others' work as one's own.

Paradigm:

dominant framework or model. (or defenition from comm's )

Synonym:

word with similar meaning.

Antonym:

word with opposite meaning.

Logic

principles of valid reasoning.

Ananlysis

separating a subject into its parts/elements to understand it. Fundamental to critical thinking, reading and writing. Involves interpreting the elements' meaning and significance

Dialectics

Reasoning through contradiction.

Genealogy

short: Historical analysis of concepts.

More general Ai defenition:

In short, genealogy is the study or tracing of the history and origins of something—often family lineage or the development of ideas and concepts over time. It reveals how things have evolved or where they come from.

Critical thinking

The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form your own opinion. Includes justifying your own opinions and doubting other information and being skeptical of it to think critically you must look at evidence and weigh the options.

Ontology

Short: theory of being

The branch of philosophy that studies concepts such as existence, reality, being, and becoming. It includes questions of how entities are grouped into basic categories

Epistemology

The theory of knowledge.

the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. sometimes referred to as the theory of knowledge.

Hermeneutics:

the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation.

Semiotics:

study of signs.

Interpretation:

The determination of meaning/significance of the elements and of the whole. Fundamental part of critical thinking. It is the job of a critical thinker to interpret what the author's assumptions are.

Synthesis:

Short: Combining ideas.

Drawing one's own conclusions about the elements within a work. Making connections with what you know and read to create informed ideas.

Summary:

condensed restatement.

Paraphrase:

restatement in new words.

Objectivity:

minimizing bias.

Point of view

The perspective adopted.

Positionality:

Refers to the author's awareness and acknowledgment of their own social, cultural, and personal background and how it influences their perspective, voice, and interpretation in the text.

Bias:

Short: A systematic distortion

A tendency or inclination to favor or be against something or someone. It can be positive or negative.

prejudice

A pre-judged opinion or feeling about a person, group or thing.

Common sense:

socially shared assumptions.

Curse of knowledge

When someone knows something very well and they try to explain it to others but they don't know what they already know or don't know. One cannot assume what someone else already knows or doesn't know

Conviction:

strength of beliefs.

Teleology:

Short: explanation by purpose.

Reason or explanation for something as a function of its end, purpose, or goal. Rather than a causal explanation of the phenomenon, the aim, ends or intentions of the observed phenomenon or behavior are used to explain the process

Deontology:

Deontology judges actions by their adherence to rules or duties, not by their consequences.

For example, telling the truth is considered a moral duty in deontology, even if lying might produce better results in some cases.

Thinking with and against:

Short: critical engagement with ideas.

To think critically you must understand what people are saying and their arguments. You have to know what the other argument is about and what reasons they are giving to support their claim.

Interdisciplinarity

combining disciplines.

Transdisciplinarity:

integrating beyond disciplines.

anecdote

usually a short narrative incident. Using it ll help to understand the context and have a better understanding of the thing for what it is used

Idiom vs trope

(AI)

An idiom is a type of fixed expression with a figurative meaning understood by a culture.

A trope is a broader literary or rhetorical tool that includes idioms but also many other figures of speech and storytelling techniques.

Objectivity vs. neutrality

Objectivity is about truthfulness and accuracy in representing reality.

Neutrality is about impartiality and fairness in stance or judgment.

tone

The attitude a writer takes towards their subject and reader. Varies depending on their purpose, subject, and audience. Tone may be formal or informal. Should be consistent throughout writing in order for it to have unity

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